Anteriomedial thigh, gluteal, posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, leg, and foot

"What are the action and innervation of pectineus?"

"Adducts and flexes the thigh and assists medial rotation; femoral nerve (L2-L3)

"What are the action and innervation of iliacus (iliopsoas group)?"

"Acts with the psoas muscles to flex the thigh at the hip and stabilize the hip joint; femoral nerve (L2-L3)."

"What are the action and innervation of psoas major (iliopsoas group)?"

"Acts with the iliacus and psoas minor to flex the thigh at the hip and stabilize the hip joint; anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1-L3)."

"What are the action and innervation of psoas minor (iliopsoas group)?"

"Acts conjointly with the iliopsoas group in flexing the thigh at the hip and stabilizing the hip joint; anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1-L3)."

"What are the action and innervation of sartorius?"

"Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh; flexes the leg at the knee and medially rotates the leg when the knee is fixed; femoral nerve (L2-L3)."

"What are the action and innervation of rectus femoris?"

"Extends the leg at the knee; also stabilizes the hip and assists iliopsoas with thigh flexion; femoral nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of vastus lateralis?"

"Extends the leg at the knee; femoral nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of vastus medialis?"

"Extends the leg at the knee; femoral nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of vastus intermedius?"

"Extends the leg at the knee; femoral nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of articularis genu?"

"Prevents impingement of the suprapatellar bursa during knee extension; femoral nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of adductor longus?"

"Adducts the thigh; anterior division of the obturator nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of adductor brevis?"

"Adducts the thigh and flexes it to some extent; anterior division of the obturator nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of the adductor portion of adductor magnus?"

"Adducts and flexes the thigh; posterior division of the obturator nerve (L2-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of the hamstring portion of adductor magnus?"

"Adducts and extends the thigh; tibial part of the sciatic nerve (L4)."

What are the action and innervation of gracilis?

Adducts the thigh, flexes the leg, and helps rotate the leg medially; obturator nerve (L2-L3)

"What are the action and innervation of obturator externus?"

"Laterally rotates the thigh and stabilizes the femoral head in the acetabulum; obturator nerve (L3-L4)."

"What are the action and innervation of gluteus maximus?"

"Extends the thigh and assists lateral rotation; important for rising from sitting; inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)."

"What are the action and innervation of gluteus medius?"

"Abducts and medially rotates the thigh and keeps the pelvis level; superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1 on the muscle slide)."

"What are the action and innervation of gluteus minimus?"

"Abducts and medially rotates the thigh and keeps the pelvis level; superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1 on the muscle slide)."

"What are the action and innervation of tensor fasciae latae?"

"Abducts and medially rotates the thigh and keeps the pelvis level; superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1 on the muscle slide)."

"What are the action and innervation of piriformis?"

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh, and steadies the femoral head; branches of the anterior rami of S1-S2.

"What are the action and innervation of obturator internus?"

"Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh, and steadies the femoral head; nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)

"What are the action and innervation of superior gemellus?"

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh, and steadies the femoral head; nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)

"What are the action and innervation of inferior gemellus?"

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh, and steadies the femoral head; nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)

"What are the action and innervation of quadratus femoris?"

"Laterally rotates the thigh and steadies the femoral head in the acetabulum; nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1 on the muscle slide)."

"What are the action and innervation of semitendinosus?"

"Extends the thigh; flexes the leg and rotates it medially when the knee is flexed; can extend the trunk when the thigh and leg are flexed; tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2)."

"What are the action and innervation of semimembranosus?"

"Extends the thigh; flexes the leg and rotates it medially when the knee is flexed; can extend the trunk when the thigh and leg are flexed; tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2)."

"What are the action and innervation of the long head of biceps femoris?"

"Flexes the leg and laterally rotates it when the knee is flexed; extends the thigh; tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2)."

"What are the action and innervation of the short head of biceps femoris?"

"Flexes the leg and laterally rotates it when the knee is flexed; common fibular division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2). It does not extend the thigh."

"What common features define the hamstring muscles in these slides?"

They attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity, attach distally to bones of the leg, span the hip and knee to extend the hip and flex the knee, and receive the tibial division of the sciatic nerve.

"Which muscles are identified as the true hamstrings in these slides?"

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the long head of biceps femoris.

"What are the action and innervation of extensor digitorum longus?"

"Dorsiflexes the ankle and extends digits 2-5; deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of tibialis anterior?"

"Dorsiflexes and inverts the ankle; deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of fibularis tertius?"

"Dorsiflexes and everts the ankle; deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of extensor hallucis longus?"

"Dorsiflexes the ankle and extends the great toe; deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of fibularis longus?"

"Weakly plantarflexes and everts the ankle and supports the transverse arch; superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of fibularis brevis?"

"Weakly plantarflexes and everts the ankle; superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)."

"What are the action and innervation of gastrocnemius?"

"Plantarflexes the ankle and flexes the knee; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of soleus?"

"Plantarflexes the ankle; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of plantaris?"

Weakly plantarflexes the ankle, weakly flexes the knee, and contributes to proprioception; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of popliteus?"

"Weakly flexes the knee and unlocks the knee during flexion; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of tibialis posterior?"

"Plantarflexes and inverts the ankle; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of flexor hallucis longus?"

"Plantarflexes the ankle and flexes the great toe; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of flexor digitorum longus?"

"Plantarflexes the ankle and flexes digits 2-5; tibial nerve (L4-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of extensor digitorum brevis?"

"Assists extensor digitorum longus in extending toes 2-4 at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints; deep fibular nerve (L5, S1, or both)."

What are the action and innervation of extensor hallucis brevis?

Assists extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint; deep fibular nerve (L5, S1, or both).

"What are the action and innervation of abductor hallucis?"

"Abducts and flexes the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint; medial plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of flexor digitorum brevis?"

"Flexes the lateral four toes at the proximal interphalangeal joints; medial plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of abductor digiti minimi?"

"Abducts the fifth toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint; lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of quadratus plantae?"

"Assists the flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes 2-5; lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of the first lumbrical of the foot?"

"Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint and extends the interphalangeal joints of toe 2; medial plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of lumbricals 2-4 of the foot?"

"Flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of toes 3-5; lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of flexor hallucis brevis?"

"Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe; medial plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of adductor hallucis?"

Adducts the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint; deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve.

"What are the action and innervation of flexor digiti minimi brevis?"

"Flexes the fifth toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint; superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)."

"What are the action and innervation of the plantar interossei?"

"Adduct toes 3-5 and flex their metatarsophalangeal joints; lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3). Remember PAD: plantar adduct."

"What are the action and innervation of the dorsal interossei?"

Abduct toes 2-4 at the metatarsophalangeal joints, resist extension of the MTP joints, and flex the interphalangeal joints; lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3). Remember DAB: dorsal abduct."

"Which four intrinsic foot muscles are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?"

Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and the first lumbrical.

"Which intrinsic foot muscles are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve?"

Abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals 2-4, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and the dorsal and plantar interossei.

"What compartment and movements are associated with the deep fibular nerve?"

It innervates the anterior leg compartment, whose listed muscles dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes; tibialis anterior also inverts and fibularis tertius also everts.

"What compartment and movements are associated with the superficial fibular nerve?"

"It innervates the lateral leg compartment; fibularis longus and brevis evert and weakly plantarflex the ankle."

"What compartment is supplied by the tibial nerve?"

"The posterior compartment of the leg."

"What is the cutaneous distribution of the deep fibular nerve in the foot?"

"The contiguous sides of the first and second toes; it also supplies extensor digitorum brevis."

"What is the cutaneous distribution of the superficial fibular nerve in the foot?"

"Most of the dorsum of the foot and digits except the lateral side of the fifth toe and the adjoining sides of the first and second toes."

"What is the cutaneous distribution of the saphenous nerve in the foot?"

"The medial side of the foot as far anteriorly as the head of the first metatarsal."

"What is the cutaneous distribution of the sural nerve in the foot?"

"The lateral aspect of the hindfoot and midfoot."

"How is the sural nerve formed and what does it supply?"

The medial sural contribution from the tibial nerve and lateral sural contribution from the common fibular nerve join; it supplies the lateral ankle and foot.

"What are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve in the foot?"

"The medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve."

"What does the femoral nerve (L2-L4) supply in the thigh?"

"The anterior thigh compartment, whose muscles flex the hip and extend the knee."

"What does the obturator nerve (L2-L4) supply in the thigh?"

"Motor and cutaneous innervation to the medial thigh compartment."

"What does the superior gluteal nerve supply?"

"Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.

"What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?"

"Gluteus maximus

"What does the nerve to quadratus femoris supply?"

"Quadratus femoris, inferior gemellus, and the hip joint;

"What does the nerve to obturator internus supply?"

Obturator internus and superior gemellus

"What does the sciatic nerve supply?"

"The posterior thigh muscles and the muscles of the leg and foot; L4-S3."

"Where does the sciatic nerve most commonly split?"

"At the superior popliteal fossa into the tibial and common fibular nerves; premature splitting may occur as early as its exit inferior to piriformis."

"What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply in the gluteal/perineal regions?"

Its perineal branch supplies sensation to the perineum, and its gluteal branches supply the posteroinferior quadrant of gluteal skin.

"What does the pudendal nerve supply?"

"The external anal sphincter and structures in the perineum; the slide lists roots S2-S4."

What are the superior, medial, and lateral boundaries of the femoral triangle?",

Superior: inguinal ligament.

Medial: lateral border of adductor longus.

Lateral: sartorius

"What forms the floor and roof of the femoral triangle?"

"Floor: pectineus medially and iliopsoas laterally. Roof: fascia lata, cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and skin."

"What is the lateral-to-medial order of structures at the femoral triangle?"

Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and lymphatics/femoral canal (NAVL).

"Which major femoral-triangle structure lies outside the femoral sheath?"

"The femoral nerve lies lateral to and outside the femoral sheath."

"What are the three compartments of the femoral sheath?"

Lateral compartment: femoral artery.

Intermediate compartment: femoral vein.

Medial compartment: femoral canal.

"What is the femoral ring?"

"The base of the femoral canal; the femoral septum closes the canal at the ring proximally."

"What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?"

"Anterior/lateral: vastus medialis. Posterior: adductor longus and adductor magnus. Medial/roof: sartorius."

"What structures are listed as passing along the adductor canal to its inferior apex?"

Femoral artery and vein, nerve to vastus medialis, and saphenous nerve

"What is the adductor hiatus?"

"An opening between the distal aponeurotic attachment of the adductor part and the distal tendinous attachment of the hamstring part of adductor magnus; it is the inferior apex of the adductor canal."

"What happens to the femoral vessels after the adductor hiatus?"

"The femoral artery and vein pass from the anterior thigh toward the popliteal region and continue as the popliteal artery and vein."

"What are the borders and roof of the popliteal fossa?"

Superomedial: semimembranosus with semitendinosus superficial.

Superolateral: biceps femoris.

Inferomedial: medial gastrocnemius head.

Inferolateral: lateral gastrocnemius head and plantaris.

Roof: skin and popliteal fascia.

"What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?"

"Popliteal artery and vein; tibial and common fibular nerves; posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh; popliteal nodes and lymphatics; termination of the small saphenous vein."

"What muscles form the pes anserinus?"

Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.

"Where does the pes anserinus insert?"

On the proximal anteromedial tibia, superficial to the tibial insertion of the medial collateral ligament.

"What is the tarsal tunnel and what does it do?"

A passageway behind the medial malleolus for tendons, vessels, and a nerve traveling between the posterior leg and foot.

"What are the tarsal tunnel contents from anterior to posterior as labeled in the source slide?"

"Tibialis posterior; flexor digitorum superficialis; posterior tibial artery; posterior tibial vein; posterior tibial nerve; flexor hallucis longus.

"What is the saphenous opening (saphenous hiatus/fossa ovalis)?"

"A large oval aperture in the superomedial fascia lata that transmits the great saphenous vein; its cribriform fascia covering is sieve-like."

"How does piriformis organize the deep gluteal neurovasculature?"

"The superior gluteal neurovasculature emerges superior to piriformis; the other deep gluteal nerves described emerge inferior to piriformis."

"What structures make the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?"

"The pelvic ligaments together with the bony structures of the pelvis create the greater and lesser sciatic foramina."

"What is the course of the superior gluteal artery?"

"It enters through the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis and divides into superficial and deep branches."

"What does the superior gluteal artery supply?"

"Its superficial branch supplies gluteus maximus; its deep branch runs between and supplies gluteus medius and minimus and also supplies tensor fasciae latae."

"What is the course and supply of the inferior gluteal artery?"

It enters through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis, descends medial to the sciatic nerve, participates in the cruciate anastomosis, and supplies gluteus maximus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and superior hamstrings.