ch 10 and ch11

Adolescent fertility rate

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19.

Developed country

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

Developing country

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development.

Development

A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Fair trade

A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries.

Female labor force participation rate

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country.

Gross national income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy.

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality.

Literacy rate

The percentage of a country’s population that can read and write.

Microfinance

Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Millennium Development Goals

Eight goals adopted by the U.N. in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015.

Primary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from the Earth, generally through agriculture.

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Pupil/teacher ratio

The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers.

Purhcasing power parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country.

Secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Structural adjustment program

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions that encourage international trade.

Sustainable Development Goals

17 goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.

Tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

World-systems theory

Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy developed countries form an inner core whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery.

Acid deposition

The accumulation of acids on Earth’s surface.

Acid precipitation

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.

Active solar energy

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy.

Air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

Animate power

Power supplied by animals or by people.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

Biomass fuel

Fuel derived from wood, plant, material, or animal waste.

Break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

Consumptive water usage

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Demand

The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.

Fordist production

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Fossil fuel

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Geothermal energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Labor-intensive energy

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Maquiladora

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Nonconsumptive water usage

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.

Nonpoint-source pollution

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.

Nonrenewable energy

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface.

Passive solar energy systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.

Photochemical smog

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

Point-source pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Pollution

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.

Post-Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Potential reserve

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

Proven reserve

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

Recycling

The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.

Remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.

Renewable energy

A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by the people.

Right-to-work law

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

Sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

Site factors

Locations factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

Situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

Supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Vertical integration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.