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Research Fundamentals - Components
purpose of research
focus of research
sampling
types of data
sources of data
reliability and validity
ethical behvaiour
Purpose of Research
advance knowledge
increase understanding
inform practice
educate others
Focus of Reseach
Question: a statement that requires and is seeking an answer to something.
Hypothesis: a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Difference: one seeks an answer to it and the other seeks the research to which the statement is the answer, or it’s contrary.
Sample - Definition
A subset of the population is selected for measurement, observing or questioning to provide statistical information about the population
Sampling - Components
MSG
Method
Size
Group
Sampling Methods
Rebecca Stole Some Cotton Candy (RSSCC)
Random
Systematic Random
Stratified Random
Cluster
Convenience
Random Sampling
selecting people so that everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
e.g. weekly Oz Lotto
Systematic Random Sampling
obtained by choosing one number at random and then every nth unit after this random start.
e.g. randomly selecting 2, and 3 as the n number, you could choose house number 2 and then select every 3rd house after that in your street to deliver your questionnaire to.
Stratified Random Sampling
the population is divided into strata (layers) groups and then random selection occurs within each strata.
e.g. age strata groups
ensures more balanced representation
allows for comparison between strata groups
Cluster Sampling
involves dividing the population into clusters and random selection is made within the clusters.
e.g. if the clusters are to be school roll-call groups, four roll-call groups are selected at random and then the researcher chooses five students from each of these groups.
a researcher using this method doesn’t need to choose a specific part of the population to take their sample from.
Convenience Sampling
convenience sampling occurs when a researcher selects people because they are easily located.
e.g. such as friends in a Year 12 peer group, or family members.
results tend to have the lowest credibility, as they can be biased and are not representative of the population
Sample Size - Definition
The number of observations used for calculating estimates of a given population.
Sample Group - Definition
A group of individuals used to represent the general population as a whole as an estimate.
Types of Data - Components
primary and secondary
qualitative and quantitative
Primary Data
Data that is collected firsthand by the researcher.
e.g. the information is obtained directly by observing behaviour or asking people questions through interviews or questionnaires.
expensive to conduct
time consuming
Secondary Data
Data that has been gathered and recorded by someone else.
e.g. information acquired from the internet, videos, databases, reference and textbooks, pamphlets and statistical reports
readily available
less expensive to obtain
Qualitative Data
Subjective data that come from research that collects facts and information regarding people’s beliefs, feelings, attitudes and opinions to gain insight into the area.
advantages:
provide words and images to understand ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a situation
give examples to fill in the details
common research methods:
observations
interviews
focus groups
case studies
Quantitative Data
Objective data that come from research that collects facts in the form of numerical data, which can then be analysed using counting, measuring and graphing.
advantages:
provide an outline of ‘what’ is happening in a situation
more reliable
subject to less bias
common research methods:
questionnaires
surveys
experiments
Sources of Data - Components
D PIG
digital and print
individual and group
Digital - Sources of Data - Examples
website
podcast
television
internet
Digital - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages
advantages:
readily available
multiple sources
recent information
disadvantages:
accuracy of information
validity of sources
Print - Sources of Data - Examples
books
journals
magazines
newspapers
pamphlets
Print - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages
advantages:
reliability
disadvantages:
limited availability
Individuals - Sources of Data - Examples
teacher
family members
friends
neighbours
experts
Individual - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages
advantages:
current information
provide perspective and insight
e.g. a doctor can give insight into data of a medical nature and provide extra insight as to the meaning of it and if anything new has been found in the meantime
disadvantages:
Individuals, contrary to the above, are disadvantaged as a source of data as, if solely seeking from the individual, the data is unmeasurable and so it may be invalid or false. Additionally, individuals are limited and not all data can be conveyed accurately.
Groups - Sources of Data - Examples
professional organisations
not-for-profit groups:
The Salvation Army
Mission Australia
government agencies:
Centrelink,
police
specialist groups:
sporting associations
medical and health authorities:
Australian Physiotherapy Association
Print - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages
advantages:
larger bank of information
multiple perspectives
disadvantages:
conflict within groups
contradictory opinions
Reliability
refers to the consistency of measurement
A reliable study would produce similar results under the same conditions.
Validity
refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure
A valid study measures what it sets out to using an appropriate sample and relevant questions.
Ethical Behaviour
BIRP
Bias
Integrity
Respect
Privacy