Research Methodology

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30 Terms

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Research Fundamentals - Components

  • purpose of research

  • focus of research

  • sampling

  • types of data

  • sources of data

  • reliability and validity

  • ethical behvaiour

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Purpose of Research

  • advance knowledge

  • increase understanding

  • inform practice

  • educate others

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Focus of Reseach

  • Question: a statement that requires and is seeking an answer to something.

  • Hypothesis: a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

  • Difference: one seeks an answer to it and the other seeks the research to which the statement is the answer, or it’s contrary.

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Sample - Definition

A subset of the population is selected for measurement, observing or questioning to provide statistical information about the population

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Sampling - Components

MSG

  • Method

  • Size

  • Group

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Sampling Methods

Rebecca Stole Some Cotton Candy (RSSCC)

Random

Systematic Random

Stratified Random

Cluster

Convenience

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Random Sampling

selecting people so that everyone has an equal chance of being selected.

e.g. weekly Oz Lotto

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Systematic Random Sampling

obtained by choosing one number at random and then every nth unit after this random start. 

e.g. randomly selecting 2, and 3 as the n number, you could choose house number 2 and then select every 3rd house after that in your street to deliver your questionnaire to.

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Stratified Random Sampling

the population is divided into strata (layers) groups and then random selection occurs within each strata.

e.g. age strata groups

  • ensures more balanced representation

  • allows for comparison between strata groups

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Cluster Sampling

involves dividing the population into clusters and random selection is made within the clusters.

e.g. if the clusters are to be school roll-call groups, four roll-call groups are selected at random and then the researcher chooses five students from each of these groups.

  • a researcher using this method doesn’t need to choose a specific part of the population to take their sample from.

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Convenience Sampling

convenience sampling occurs when a researcher selects people because they are easily located.

e.g. such as friends in a Year 12 peer group, or family members.

  • results tend to have the lowest credibility, as they can be biased and are not representative of the population

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Sample Size - Definition

The number of observations used for calculating estimates of a given population.

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Sample Group - Definition

A group of individuals used to represent the general population as a whole as an estimate.

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Types of Data - Components

  • primary and secondary

  • qualitative and quantitative

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Primary Data

Data that is collected firsthand by the researcher.

e.g. the information is obtained directly by observing behaviour or asking people questions through interviews or questionnaires.

  • expensive to conduct

  • time consuming

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Secondary Data

Data that has been gathered and recorded by someone else.

e.g. information acquired from the internet, videos, databases, reference and textbooks, pamphlets and statistical reports

  • readily available

  • less expensive to obtain

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Qualitative Data

Subjective data that come from research that collects facts and information regarding people’s beliefs, feelings, attitudes and opinions to gain insight into the area.

advantages:

  • provide words and images to understand ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a situation

  • give examples to fill in the details

common research methods:

  • observations

  • interviews

  • focus groups

  • case studies

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Quantitative Data

Objective data that come from research that collects facts in the form of numerical data, which can then be analysed using counting, measuring and graphing.

advantages:

  • provide an outline of ‘what’ is happening in a situation

  • more reliable

  • subject to less bias

common research methods:

  • questionnaires

  • surveys

  • experiments

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Sources of Data - Components

D PIG

  • digital and print

  • individual and group

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Digital - Sources of Data - Examples

  • website

  • podcast

  • television

  • internet

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Digital - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages

advantages:

  • readily available

  • multiple sources

  • recent information

disadvantages:

  • accuracy of information

  • validity of sources

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Print - Sources of Data - Examples

  • books

  • journals

  • magazines

  • newspapers

  • pamphlets

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Print - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages

advantages:

  • reliability

disadvantages:

  • limited availability

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Individuals - Sources of Data - Examples

  • teacher

  • family members

  • friends

  • neighbours

  • experts

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Individual - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages

advantages:

  • current information

  • provide perspective and insight

e.g. a doctor can give insight into data of a medical nature and provide extra insight as to the meaning of it and if anything new has been found in the meantime

disadvantages:

Individuals, contrary to the above, are disadvantaged as a source of data as, if solely seeking from the individual, the data is unmeasurable and so it may be invalid or false. Additionally, individuals are limited and not all data can be conveyed accurately.

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Groups - Sources of Data - Examples

  • professional organisations

  • not-for-profit groups:

    • The Salvation Army

    • Mission Australia

  • government agencies:

    • Centrelink,

    • police

  • specialist groups:

    • sporting associations

  • medical and health authorities:

    • Australian Physiotherapy Association

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Print - Sources of Data - Advantages & Disadvantages

advantages:

  • larger bank of information

  • multiple perspectives

disadvantages:

  • conflict within groups

  • contradictory opinions

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Reliability

refers to the consistency of measurement

  • A reliable study would produce similar results under the same conditions.

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Validity

refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure

  • A valid study measures what it sets out to using an appropriate sample and relevant questions. 

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Ethical Behaviour

BIRP

  • Bias

  • Integrity

  • Respect

  • Privacy