ANAT1101 Module 14: Endocrine System

Endocrine System

It helps control and maintain body energy levels, reproduction, growth and development, homeostasis, and responds to stress.

Endocrine System

It consists of hormones and the glands that secrete them.

Endocrine System

It regulate distant body systems via hormones in the bloodstream.

Endocrine System

It consists of the glands located in the brain, and throughout the body.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body or onto epithelial surfaces.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions.

Water Soluble Hormones

It binds to the receptors outside the cell, usually protein-based hormones, including most hormones in humans.

Fat Soluble Hormones

It binds to the receptors inside the cell, usually steroid-based hormones, it includes most of the reproductive hormones.

Fat Soluble Hormone

The type of hormone that crosses the cell membrane and binds to receptors in the nucleus causes proteins to be made and causes a reaction in the cell.

Water Soluble Hormone

The type of hormone that binds to the receptor outside of the cell activates a secondary messenger system in the cell, and enzymes carry out a reaction.

Negative Feedback

Feedback system that prevents small changes in the body from becoming too large.

Positive Feedback

Feedback system that occurs when the body wants to ensure a process goes to completion.

Pituitary Gland

It is referred to as the “master gland” because it exercises control over other glands.

Hypothalamus

It regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

It is a pituitary gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones.

TSH

It is a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.

Prolactin

It is a hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females and may make testes more sensitive to LH in males.

ACTH

It is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids.

GH

It is a hormone that acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth.

LH

It is a hormone that stimulates ovulation, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females, and testosterone secretion by the testes in males.

FSH

It is a hormone that stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males.

Tropic Hormone

These are hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

It is a pituitary gland that stores and secretes hormones.

Oxyytocin

It is a hormone that is for uterus contraction.

Oxytocin

It is a hormone that plays a key role in the release of breast milk.

ADH

It is a hormone that reduces urine volume.

Thyroid

It is an organ that is located on the neck, wrapped around front of the trachea, and produces the hormones thyroxine and calcitonin.

Thyroxine

It is a hormone that increases metabolism and appetite.

Calcitonin

It is a hormone that decreases blood calcium by adding calcium ions to the bones.

Iodine

It is an important component of thyroxine. If there is not enough of this, thyroxine can’t be made.

Goiter

This condition is caused by the overstimulating of TSH in the thyroid.

• TSH cannot be shut off without the thyroxine.

Parathyroid Gland

These are four small glands located on the posterior of the thyroid. It produces the hormone PTH.

Parathyroid Hormone

It is a hormone that increases blood calcium by adding it to the bloodstream (major calcium regulator).

Adrenal Glands

These are two glands located on top of each kidney.

Adrenal Medulla

It is the inner layer of the adrenal glands.

Adrenal Cortex

It is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

Adrenal Glands

It produces hormones involved in stress, anti-inflammation, water retention, blood pressure, and some sex hormone production.

Adrenal Medulla

In times of stress, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates this gland to release hormones.

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

The hormones of the adrenal medulla released in the bloodstream have the same effect as the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight).

Adrenal Cortex

It is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the pituitary.

Adrenal Cortex

It releases hormones involved in stress, and sodium/water retention like aldosterone and cortisol.

Aldosterone

It is a hormone that regulates ion and water levels.

Cortisol

It is a hormone that regulates stress by increasing blood glucose levels and decreasing inflammation.

Pineal Gland

It is located in the brain and produces the hormone melatonin.

Melatonin

It is a hormone that influences the sleep-wake cycle. High level of this hormone causes sleepiness.

Thymus

It is located on the thoracic cavity and produces thymosin and thymopoietin hormones.

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

These hormones from the thymus helps develop immune system as they aid in maturing T-cells.

Pancreas

It is located in abdomen, near small intestine and stomach; has exocrine and endocrine functions; produces hormones involved in blood sugar regulation like insulin and glucagon.

Glucagon

It is a hormone that is produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas that cause blood glucose levels to rise.

Insulin

It is a hormone produced by beta cells in pancreas that causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

Gonads

These are the primary sex organs of males and females (testes and ovaries).

Testes

It secretes testosterone and is involved in production of sperm.

Ovaries

It secretes estrogen and progesterone, which are involved in the production of eggs and the maintenance of pregnancy.

Kidneys

It secretes the hormones erythropoietin and renin.

Erythropoietin

It is a hormone that stimulates RBC production.

Renin

It is a hormone made by kidneys that regulates blood pressure.