[BIOCHEM LEC MIDTERMS] TO1 AND TO2

Biochemistry

What is the study of chemical processes that occur in living organisms?

Biology

What is the study of life?

Chemistry

What is the study of matter and its reactions?

Abiogenesis

What theory states that living things could directly evolve from non-living matter?

Biogenesis

What theory states that life came from living things?

Marine Theory

What theory states that the first form of life was formed under the sea?

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE/CYANOBACTERIUM

What was the first organism to colonize Earth according to Marine Theory?

Cosmozoic Theory

What theory states that life in the form of resistant spores originated from some source in the universe?

Physico-Chemical Theory

What theory states that life was formed by the combination of elements?

CHARLES DARWIN

Who proposed the Evolution Theory?

Divine Creation Theory

What theory states that life was created by a supernatural being?

Phylogenetic Trees

What shows evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Genome analysis

What helps classify organisms based on genetic information?

Evolutionary relationships

What do differences in DNA sequences reflect?

3.5 billion years

How many billion years have living organisms evolved?

1k-6k

How many genes do prokaryotes typically have?

binary fission

What is the mode of reproduction in prokaryotes?

extreme environments

What type of habitats are prokaryotes adapted to?

Endosymbiotic Theory

What theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once separate prokaryotic microbes?

kept them alive

What did the host cell do with the smaller bacteria instead of digesting them?

mitochondria

What did aerobic bacteria evolve into according to the Endosymbiotic Theory?

chloroplast

What did photosynthetic bacteria evolve into according to the Endosymbiotic Theory?

atom - molecule - macromolecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

What are the levels of organization from atoms to biosphere?

Macromolecules

What are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids called?

Emil Fischer

Who proposed lock and key model of enzyme function?

EDUARD BUCHNER

WHO : Cell-free fermentation and role of enzymes

HANS KREBS

WHO DISCOVERED THE KREBS (CITRIC ACID) CYCLE

Linus Pauling

WHO ELUCIDATED PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR DISEASES

Rosalind Franklin

WHO PRODUCED X-RAY EVIDENCE REVEALING DNA’S DOUBLE HELIX

James Watson and Francis Crick

WHO PROPOSED THE DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE OF DNA

Frederick Sanger

WHO DEVELOPED PROTEIN AND DNA SEQUENCING METHOD

LOUIS PASTEUR

WHJO DEVELOPED MICROBIAL FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION

EMIL FISCHER

WHO DISCOVERED THE PROPOSED LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL OF ENZYME ACTION

ANTOINE LAVOISIER

WHO DISCOVERED THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM

FRIEDRICH WOHLER

WHO SYNTHESIZED UREA

All living organisms are composed of one cell or more cells

CELL THEORY 1

The cell is the structural unit of life

CELL THEORY 2

Cells arise only by division from pre-existing cells.

CELL THEORY 3

1990

When did the Human Genome Project start?

2003

When did the Human Genome Project end?

3B US DOLLARS

How much did the Human Genome Project cost?

20-25K

How many genes were estimated in the human genome?

3B

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

PUBLIC DATABASES

What did the Human Genome Project establish to store and share genomic info?

ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS

What did the Human Genome Project develop?

ETHICAL, LEGAL, SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

What does ELSI stand for in the Human Genome Project?

OMIM

What database finds chromosomes that affect disease?

DOE AND NIH

WHO DEVELOPED HUMAN GENOME PROJ.

OMIM categories

Phenotype, genotype, clinical & biochem features etc

ONLINE MENDELIAN INHERITANCE OF MAN

MEANING OF OMIM

RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY

WHAT OMICS TECHNOLOGY: therapeutic proteins, recombinant vaccines, industrial enzymes

PRECISION MEDICINE

OMICS TECH: pharmacogenomics, cancer genomic profiling, personalized therapies

CRISPR-Cas9

OMICS TECH: Cancer treatment, treatment of genetic disorders, infectious disease control

80%

What percentage of a membrane's mass is lipid material?

controls movement of substances

What is the general function of the cell membrane?

selectively permeable

What type of permeability does the cell membrane have?

Phospholipids

What is the most abundant type of membrane lipid?

fatty acid + phosphate grp + platform mol + alcohol

composition of phospholipids

Glycerophospholipids

What are phospholipids built on a glycerol backbone called?

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

What is the most abundant phospholipid?

egg yolks and soybeans

Where is phosphatidylcholine found?

Phosphatidylethanolamine

What phospholipid is abundant in brain and nerve tissues?

Cephalin

What is another name for phosphatidylethanolamine?

Sphingophospholipids

What are phospholipids built on a sphingosine platform called?

Sphingomyelin

What phospholipid is vital to the myelin sheath?

Sphingosine

What is the long-chain amino alcohol forming the backbone of sphingophospholipids?

phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylethanolamine

What phospholipids are found in the inner membrane?

phosphatidylcholine + sphingomyelin

What phospholipids are found in the outer membrane?

Amphipathic

What term describes molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails?

polar/negative

What is the charge of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?

fatty acids

What are the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids made of?

Glycocalyx

What is formed when glycoproteins combine with sugar residues?

glycolipids

lipids containing both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component

Cholesterol structure

What type of molecule is cholesterol characterized by?

between phospholipids

Where is cholesterol located in the cell membrane?

stability

What does cholesterol provide to the cell membrane?

T

T/F - Cholesterol strengthen the cell membrane by reducing its permeability and promoting tighter packing of phospholipids

Steroid hormones, bile acids, vitamin D

What is cholesterol a precursor for?

LIVER

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

ACETYL-COA

What is the starting material for cholesterol synthesis?

CONE-SHAPED AMPHIPHILIC

What shape are micelles?

CYLINDRICAL-SHAPED AMPHIPHILIC

What shape are bilayers?

Fusion proteins

What controls vesicle fusion in living cells?

Liposomes

What are small spherical sacs made of two layers of lipids?

400-100nm

What is the diameter of liposomes in nanometers?

PEG polyethylene glycol

What is used to coat liposomes for longer circulation?

Homing peptides

What can be attached to liposomes for targeted delivery?

deliver drugs and genes to cells (chemo and gene therapy)

What are liposomes used for?

cell signalling

Why do nerve cells contain many phospholipids?

dynamic

Are cell membranes stiff or frozen?

Cleavage furrow

What is the pinching of the membrane during cell division called?

CELL SIGNALLING

What is the role of lipid rafts?

receptors dimerize

What happens when a B-cell receptor binds to an antigen?

signal transduction

A process that sends signals into the cell and eventually leads to the production of antibodies

Apoptosis eat me signal

What serves as the eat me signal during apoptosis?

Transmembrane proteins

What proteins span the entire lipid bilayer?

extracellular, transmembrane, cytosolic

What are the three regions of transmembrane proteins?

non-covalent interactions w/ polar heads

How do peripheral proteins attach to the membrane?

covalently

How do lipid-anchored proteins attach to the membrane?

GPI-anchored proteins

What anchors proteins to the outer surface of the membrane?