BIO 189- Chapter6: Glycolysis, Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation

What does Cellular Respiration do?

CATABOLIZE AND OXIDIZE macromolecules to make ATP

What does Aerobic Respiration use in order to convert food’s potential chemical energy into useable ATP

Oxygen; uses gas as FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR for an electron transport chain

Where does most of the energy transformation during aerobic respiration occur?

In the mitochondria

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 ——> CO2 + H2O + ATP

What are the two processes of photosynthesis that are complementary of glycolysis and respiration?

Anabolic (BUILDS) and endergonic (REQUIRES)

What are the two processes of glycolysis and respiration that are complementary of photosynthesis?

Catabolic (BREAKS) and Exergonic (RELEASES ENERGY)

What do the processes anabolic and endergonic do?

Build LARGER, HIGH-ENERGY molecules from SMALL, LOW ENERGY molecules requires energy input (SUN)

What do the processes catabolic and exergonic do?

Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules into smaller molecules releases energy for cell to harvest (convert to chemical energy in ATP

When oxidation in cellular respiration occurs uncontrolled and rapidly it causes what?

An explosion

When oxidation in cellular respiration is controlled what occurs?

Mini explosions that can be used to create ATP

What do all eukaryotes have?

Nucleus and mitochondria

Where do Autotrophic aerobic eukaryotes make their sugar products from? What do they use it for?

Photosynthesis and to fuel their own mitochondria’s ATP production

Where does Glycolysis occur?

The Cytoplasm

What are the names of the molecules in the image?

Glucose and Pyruvate

What is cytosol?

The fluid-filled interior of the cell (not inside any organelles)

What is the mitochondria?

Two cell membrane layers (result of endosymbiosis)

What are the four parts created by the mitochondria?

Outer membrane layer, inter-membrane space, inner membrane layer, and interior matrix

What are the features of the inner membrane?

Highly in-folded and cristae (finger like projections)

What two things are embedded in the inner membrane?

ETC proteins and ATP Synthase

Folded inner membrane increases _____ , maximizes _____ and ______ and ATP production capacity _____

surface area, ETC proteins and ATP synthase #, increases

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs/citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

Where does Glycolysis occur?

In the Cytosol

What happens during Glycolysis?

Glucose (6C) is OXIDIZED (split) and generates TWO 3c Pyruvate molecules

What does Glycolysis produce?

ATP and NADH

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

In the mitochondria

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate oxidizes into 2C ACETYL CoA

What does pyruvate oxidation produce?

NADH and CO2 waste

Where does the Krebs/Cirtric Acid Cycle occur?

The mitochondria

What happens during the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

Acetyl CoA is COMBINED with a 4c substrate then oxidized MULTIPLE times

What does the Krebs/Citric Acid cycle produce?

ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?

In the mitochondria

What happens during the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

NAH and FADH2 DONATE high energy electron into ETC

What does Electron Transport Chain (ETC) produce?

O2 is the FINAL electron acceptor and results in H2O and the MOST ATP produced in process

What stage of cellular respiration is the least efficient at harvesting energy?

Glycolysis

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No, it will occur with or without oxygen

What are the two phases of Glycolysis?

Energy Investment and Harvest

What occurs during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

2 ATP spent/hydrolyzed to prime glucose with 2 phosphates (glucose is more active) and 6 carbon glucose split into two identical 3 carbon molecules

What occurs during the energy harvest phase of glycolysis?

3C is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, another enzyme adds another phosphate, phosphate transferred to ADP making ATP

What are the major inputs of Glycolysis?

1 6C, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP

What are the major outputs of Glycolysis?

4 ATP (2 ATP), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates

What are the major inputs of Pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 Coenzyme A

What are the major outputs of Pyruvate oxidation?

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

The cycle allows Kreb’s to continue for?

Indefinitely as long as acetyl-CoA and oxidized NAD+ and FAD are available in mitochondria

What are the major inputs of the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

2 CoA, 2 ADP + P, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD

What are the major outputs of the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

What happens during a redox reaction in the ETC

Electrons get passed from protein complex to complex

Some ETC complexed are?

active proton H+ pumps

When a ETC pump complex holds electrons, some energy is used to?

Move H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

ETC generates what levels of proton concentration gradient and where?

In the inter-membrane is high H+ and in the matrix low H+

What is ATP Synthase?

A membrane enzyme with “facilitated diffusion” has a transmembrane proton channel and a mechanical rotor?

What can H+ move through what and what does the movement cause?

Channel and it turns enzyme and provides kinetic energy

What is theoretical ATP yield?

1 molecule of glucose and ~36 molecules of ATP are produces

What is the actual ATP yield and why?

~30 ATP/Glucose and it’s due to the ATP that was spent to transport NADH, pyruvate and H+ ions leaking

Besides glucose what else can be used to fuel respiration?

Proteins and Lipids

What does fermentation respiration pathway allows?

Cells to dump electrons from NADH to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue

“Formula” for Fermentation?

Sugar + Yeast - Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Alcohol

What happens if there is no oxygen during cellular respiration?

ETC and previous steps get backed up because NAD+ stops getting regenerated

What is the energy efficiency of cellular respiration?

37%; the potential chemical energy store in the bonds of glucose makes it into chemical bonds of ATP

What is the energy efficiency of glycolysis?

2%

What is the rest of the energy efficiency go into?

Heat