Chapter 8: Joints

Bones are designed for what?

Support and mobility

Joints are?

Articulations - exist whereover two or or more bones meet

Bones may be in direct contact or separated by? (3)

• Fibrous tissue

• Cartilage

• Fluid

Functional and Structural classification of the Joints

What are the three functional classification of the joints?

• Synarthrosis (no movement)

• Amphiarthrosis (little movement)

• Diarthrosis (free movement)

What are the four structural classification of the joints?

• Fibrous

• Cartilaginous

• Bony

• Synovial

Sutures? What is the functional classification of the joint?

Synarthrosis

Joints found only in the skull - Bones are interlocked together via sutural ligaments

Gomphosis? What is the functional classification of the joint?

Synarthrosis

Fibrous joint between teeth and jaw bones - Periodontal ligaments of the teeth

Synchondrosis is?

Cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones

What is Synostosis? Give an example

Bony fusion joint between two bones

Fusion of the three coxal bones

Amphiarthrousis?

Bones of the joint are held together by fibrous cartilage or fibrous connective tissue (a ligament)

Syndesmosis?

Ligaments that connect two bones

between the radius and ulna

Between the tibia and fibula

Symphysis?

Bones are separated by a wedge pad of cartilage

Diarthrosis

(Freely movable synovial joints)

Contain a fluid-filled cavity between the bones of the joint.

Joints with a synovial membrane and contain synovial fluid.

IS diarthrosis are typically found at the ends of … bones

Long bones

What are the examples of diarthroses?

• Shoulder joint

• Elbow joint

• Hip joint

• Knee joint

What are Synovial fluid? It acts as a …

Lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages and reduces friction

Acts as a Shock absorber

What are the components of synovial joints

• Fibrous joint Capsule

• Synovial membrane

• Articular cartilages

• Joint cavity contain synovial fluid

What are the accessory structures of a knee joint?

What are the functions of each?

Bursae - Fluid filled pockets of synovial fluid

Fat pads - Packing material

Menisci - fibrous cartilage

Ligaments - support, strength and reinforce

Synovial joints are classified based on? (2)

The axes of motion

Type of movement

What is the synovial joint Classification

The types of movements allowed by synovial joint

• Angular motion (abduction, adduction, flexion and extension

• Circumduction

• Rotation

Angular motion: Show what

Abduction and adduction

Angular Motion:

Flexion and extension

Angular Motion:

Rotation

Angular Motion:

Circumduction

What are the six special movements

• Eversion/inversion

• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

• Lateral flexion

• Retraction/protraction

• Opposition

• Depression/elevation

The Temporomandibular joint consist of the?

What is another name for the joint?

What movements?

Condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Hinge joint

Side-side movement

What is the sectional view of the temporomandibular joint? What does it consist of? (5)

• Mandibular fossa of temporal bone

• Articular disc

• Condylar process

• Neck of mandible

• Articular capsule

What is the lateral view of the right temporomandibular joint? What are the two ligaments, one process, and one capsule?

• Articular capsule

• Styloid process

• Lateral ligament

• Stylomandibular ligament

What are Intervertebral disc?

Pads of Fibrous cartilage

C2 - sacrum are what type of joints?

Symphysis joint

Intervertebral discs are made of?

• Anulus fibrosus: outer layer

• Nucleus pulposus: inner layer

• Vertebral endplate: make up the inferior and superior surfaces

Shoulder joint is what type of joint?

Ball and socket joint

What does the shoulder joint articulates with what?

Articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity

Name the 5 ligaments, 1 capsule, 4 bursa?

• Coraco-acromial ligament

• Coracoclavicular ligament

• Acromioclavicular ligament

• Subacromial bursa

• Subdeltoid bursa

• Subscapular bursa

• Subcoraciod bursa

• Coracohumeral ligament

• Glenohumeral ligaments

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of these bursa sacs

What is the rotator cuff?

The muscles of the shoulder joint

What is the Later view of the right should joint (humerus removed) components

Tendons Passing across the joint reinforce the … and support the…

Capsule and supports the shoulder

Elbow and radio-ulnar joint consist of?

• Proximal radio-ulnar joint

• Annular ligament

• Antebrachial interosseous membrane

• Distal radio-ulnar joint

• Articular disc

• Radio-ulnar ligaments

• ulna

• Distal radio-ulnar joint

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Articulates the head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulna

Annular ligament

Hold the head of the radius in position (during pronation)

Distal radio-ulnar joint

Radio-ulnar ligaments

Knee Joints

The Articular Capsule extends from distal femur to proximal tibia and includes the patella (but excludes the fibula)

Knee joints are made of?

Medial and lateral menisci and fat pads

Medial and lateral menisci function?

• Act as cushion

• Conform to the shape of the femur as it changes position.

• Increase the surface area of tibiofemoral joint

• Provide lateral stability

Fat pads function?

Fat pads reduce friction between the patella and other tissues

Where is the lateral and medial menisci?

What is the knee joints composed of?

• Patellar surface

• Articular cartilage

• Lateral condyle

• Medial condyle

What are the Knee joint ligaments? (supporting ligaments)

• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - Connects the tibia to the lateral edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur

• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - Connects the tibia to the medial edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur (Maintain alignment of tibia and femur)

What are the Knee joint ligaments?

• Fibular collateral ligament

• Posterior cruciate ligament

• Tibial collateral ligament

• Anterior cruciate ligament

• Patellar ligaments

Rheumatism

General term for pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system, muscular system, or both.

When does Rheumatism happen?

Aging and Joints As we age, joints are subjected to wear and tear

Arthritis

•Type of rheumatic disease that affect synovial joints.

•Inflammation of the joints.

•Involves damage to the articular cartilages.

• Causes include Bacterial or viral infection, injury, metabolic problems and physical stress

Intervertebral discs disease (IVDD)

Lateral view of the lumber region of the spinal column showing normal and bulging intervertebral disc

Herniated disc or Bulging disc

Sectional view through a herniated disc showing displacement of the nucleus pulposus and its effect on the spinal cord and adjacent nerves