Lab 4: Appendicular Skeleton & Joints/Ligaments

Acromial end

Articulates with acromion of scapula

Sternal end

Articulates with sternum

Glenoid cavity

Articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Head of humerus

Articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapulae

Capitulum

Articulates with head of radius

Trochlea

Articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

Radial fossa

Articulates with head of radius

Coronoid fossa of humerus

Articulates with coronoid process of ulna

Olecranon fossa

Articulates with olecranon of ulna

Head of radius

Articulates with capitulum of humerus

Olecranon

Articulates with olecranon fossa of humerus

Coronoid process of ulna

Articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus

Trochlear notch of ulna

Articulates with trochlea of humerus

Scaphoid

Articulates with radius

Lunate

Articulates with radius

Middle phalanges of fingers

Not present in thumb or great toe

Acetabulum

Articulates with head of femur

Obturator foramen

Only pubis and ischium form this opening

Head of femur

Articulates with acetabulum of coxal bone

Patellar surface

Articulates with patella

Middle phalanges of toes

Not present in thumb or great toe

Coracoclavicular ligaments

Helps maintain contact between lateral end of clavicle. and acromion of scapula

Coracoacromial ligament

With coracoid process and acromion forms coracoacromial arch

Coracohumeral ligament

Strengthens upper part of fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint.

Glenohumeral ligaments

Strengthens anterior part of fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint

Radial collateral ligament

Reinforces fibrous capsule of elbow joint and stabilizes elbow joint.

Ulnar collateral ligament

Reinforces fibrous capsule of elbow joint and stabilizes elbow joint.

Annular ligament of radius

Permits rotation of radius for pronation and supination of forearm

Iliofemoral ligament

Resists hyperextension of hip joint.

Pubofemoral ligament

Resists excessive abduction of hip.

Ischiofemoral ligament

Resists hyperflexion of hip.

Patellar ligament

Connects patella to tuberosity of tibia.

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Limits rotation between femur and tibia.

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Connects medial femoral condyle to medial tibial condyle

Anterior cruciate ligament

Limits sliding of femoral condyles on tibial plateaus when knee flexed.

Posterior cruciate ligament

Limits sliding of femoral condyles on tibial plateaus when knee flexed.

Fibrous Joints (Dense connective tissue)

Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

Sutures

Made from dense irregular connective tissue

Sutures movement class

Immovable (Synarthrosis)

Sutures examples

Skull sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid)

Syndesmoses

Made from dense regular connective tissue

Syndesmoses movement class

Slightly movable (Amphiarthrosis)

Syndesmoses examples

Distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane between radius & ulna

Gomphoses

Made from dense irregular connective tissue

Gomphoses movement type

Immovable (Synarthrosis)

Gomphoses examples

Teeth anchored in alveolar sockets

Cartilaginous Joints (cartilage)

Synchondroses and Symphyses

Synchondroses

Made from hyaline cartilage

Synchondroses movement type

Immovable (Synarthrosis)

Synchondroses examples

Epiphyseal plate (before fusion), First rib-sternum joint

Symphyses

Made from fibrocartilage sandwiching hyaline cartilage

Symphyses movement type

Slightly movable (Amphiarthrosis)

Symphyses examples

Pubic symphysis, Intervertebral discs, Manubriosternal joint (in adults)

Synovial joints

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid (Ellipsoid), Saddle, Ball-and-socket

Plane joint examples

Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints, Carpometacarpal joints of digits 2-5, Intermetacarpal joints

Plane joint movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Hinge joint examples

Humeroulnar joint,Talocrural (ankle) joint, Interphalangeal joints,

Hinge joint movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Pivot joint examples

Atlantoaxial joint, Proximal radioulnar joint

Pivot joint movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint examples

Radiocarpal joint, Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles), Metatarsophalangeal joints, Atlanto-occipital joint

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Saddle joint examples

First carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

Saddle movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Ball-and-socket joint examples

Glenohumeral joint, Acetabulofemoral (hip) joint

Ball-and-socket joint movement type

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Angular movement sagittal plane

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion , Plantar flexion

Flexion

Decreases angle

Extension

Increases angle

Hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position

Dorsiflexion

Ankle flexion

Plantar flexion

Ankle extension

Angular movement frontal plane

Abduction, Adduction, Inversion, Eversion, Lateral flexion

Abduction

Movement away

Adduction

Movement toward

Inversion

Sole of foot turns medially (inward)

Eversion

Sole of foot turns laterally (outward)

Lateral flexion

Side-bending of neck or trunk

Rotational movement

Lateral/medial rotation, Right/left rotation, Supination: palm faces up, Pronation: palm faces down

Circumduction

Special movements: Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Opposition

Protraction

protruding or sticking out

Retraction

bringing together (mostly refers to scapular and mandible movement)

Elevation

move in a superior direction.

Depression

move in an inferior direction

Opposition

thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger