Sociology 1027 final

Hidden curriculum

The unstated, unofficial agenda of school system authorities, including elements such as obedience and ranking

Latent functions

As described by Merton, the largely unintended and unrecognized positive consequence of a social process or institution

Latent dysfunction

As described by Merton, the unintended negative consequence of a social process or institution

Docile body

Foucault’s term for a group that has been conditioned, through a specific set of procedures and practices, to behave in a particular, preprogrammed way

Forms of disciplinary control to conditions docile bodies

Hierarchical observation, normalizing judgment, the examination

Hierarchical observation

A form of disciplinary control in which group behaviour is conditioned through observation and surveillance

Normalizing judgement

A form of disciplinary control in which group behaviour is conditioned through a judging system that ranks individual performance in relation to the performance of others, rather than on its intrinsic merits

Examination

A form of disciplinary control that combines the methods of hierarchical observation and normalizing judgement to condition group behaviour

Cultural reproduction theory

The theory that the education system reproduces and reinforces the inequality of the surrounding society

Legitimization of inequality

In cultural reproduction theory, the validation of streaming that occurs when students accept their categorization as, say, “basic” or “advanced” (a judgement that may reflect that person’s class or “race”), thereby reproducing social inequality within the school system

Disqualified knowledges

Knowledges that have been disqualified as inadequate to their task

Credentialism

A bias in favour of job candidates with academic degrees, diplomas, or certificates over those without, regardless of their demonstrated knowledge, ability, and experience

Best practices that are key to the success of indigenous students

1. Collaboration between school district personnel at all levels and local indigenous communities

2. commitment by administrators and teachers to incorporating Aboriginal content into the curriculum

3. creation of influential positions dedicated to indigenous education

4. relationship-building between indigenous and non-indigenous communities in the district

5. willingness of school district authorities to share responsibility for making decisions with indigenous communities

Adjunct professors

A college or university professor who is employed on a contract basis and who does not enjoy the benefits and job security of a full-time member of staff

Reasons for the growing ranks of long-term adjunt professors

Increasing number of postsecondary students, the reduction of government investment in postsecondary education, the increasing levels of private corporate funding, the rising influence of corporate culture that regards education like any other business

Relative deprivation

A situation in which an individual or the members of a group feel deprived compared to a refrence group that they see as having no greater entitlement to their relatively better situation

Access without mobility

A buzzword in postsecondary education referring to the availability of online courses to those who would not otherwise be able to attend a college or university because of factors such as cost and family situation

Commodification

The tendency to treat something as though it were an object to be bought or sold

Alienation

In Marxist theory, a condition experienced by workers in capitalist economy when they feel a lack of identity with the products of their labour and a sense of being controlled or exploited

Intellectual property

Intangible property items such as ideas or artistic works that are the result of a person’s creativity

Instrumental education

An education model in which courses are narrowly directed to particular sets of tasks or outcomes, and do not involve challenging or being critical of information received

Critical education

An education model that involves the analysis and discussion of ideas

Plagiarism

A serious form of academic misconduct in which another person’s ideas are presented as one’s own, whether knowingly or unknowingly

Role models

An influential person whose patterns of behaviour are observed and imitated by other

Social distance

A lack of personal familiarity that exists when individuals do not have face-to-face interactions, or any interaction at all, social distance may exist between students of online courses and their instructors

Nuclear family

A family comprising a mother, a father, and children. The term is used to describe what is typically considered a “normal” family in North American society

Extended family

The family beyond mother, father, and children. Use of this term reflects the user’s belief that the nuclear family is the model of a “normal” family

Simple household

A household consisting of unmarried, unrelated adults with or without children

Complex household

A household in which there are two or more adults who are related but not married to each other

Matrilineage

The line of descendants that follow the mother’s line

Crude marriage rate

The number of marriages per 1000 people in a population

Common-law (Cohabiting)

Two people of the same or opposite sex who are living together as a couple but who are not legally married to each other

Quiet revolution

A period in Quebec during the 1960s characterized by province-wide social, economic, and educational reforms, as well as mounting secularization and separatist sentiment

Conjugal roles (marital)

The distinctive roles of spouses that result from the division of labour within the family

Alizabeth Bott

(1924-2016) Canadian-born anthropologist and social psychologist who specialized in the study of family networks. She is best known for formulating the theory that came to be known as the Bott hypothesis

Segregated

Conjugal roles in which tasks, interests, and activities are clearly differentiated

Bott hypothesis

The theory that when a husband’s and wife’s seperate social networks are dense and closely connected, the husband and wife are likely to take o segregated, rather than joint, conjugal roles in the household

Companionate

the overlapping conjugal roles of partners in a marriage who both work outside the home and do work around the house

Complementary roles

The conjugal roles of partners in a marriage when one does paid work, while the other does the unpaid work of childcare and housework

Double burden (Double ghetto)

A term used to characterize the imbalance in gender roles in situations where a married woman works a paid job during the day and is expected to perform the unpaid domestic work traditionally associated with women when she comes home

Second shift

The household labour a woman is expected to perform in addition to the labour she performs in the workplace

Gender strategy

As described by Arlie Hochschild, a way of dealing with situations in different areas of life based on culturally defined gender roles

Occupational segregation

As described by beaujot, the situation in which women choose occupations that afford them some flexibility and greater tolerance of work interruptions necessitated by childcare demand

Work interruptions

As described by Baudrillard, time taken off work, typically by woman, to care for an infant or a child who is sick

Exogamy

The practice of marrying outside of one’s class, “race”, or ethnic group

Endogamy

The practice of marrying within one’s class, race, or ethnic group

Genocide

A set of social practices designed to eliminate or exterminate a people

Intelligences

A term that expresses the idea that we have different levels of intelligence in different areas of life

Scientific racism

The flawed, pseudo-scientific ideas to justify discriminatory actions against cartain racialized groups

Scientific classism

The use of flawed, pseudo-scientific ideas to justify discriminatory actions against poor people

General intelligence

the mistaken idea that people have a single intelligence level that applies to many areas of life, skills, and abilities. Belief in general intelligence would lead one to conclude that a boy or girl who does not earn high marks at school but has other skills is stupid

Sixties Scoop

The removal, between the 1960’s and the early 1980s, of thousands of indigenous children from their families, their communities, their home provinces (particularly Manitoba), and sometimes their home country, to place them in non-indigenous homes

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) Scottish founder of modern economics, who advocated minimal state interference in business, making him a pioneer of neoliberalism

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) Influential German economist and thinker, who viewed society primarily in term of class, and social change in terms of eocnomic factors; he was founder of modern communism

Social inequality

The long-term existence of significant differences in access to goods and services among social groups defined by class, ethnicity, etc.

Friedrich Engels

(1820-1895) German economist, who co-wrote, with marx, the communist manifest

Class

Marx’s term for socioeconomic group defined either relationally - that is, marxist terms, with respect to their relationship to the means of production - or absolutely, in terms of access to socially valued goods such as money, education, and respect

Relational

Denoting the relationship between a class and the means of producing wealth

Means of production

As described by Marx, the social means required for producing wealth

Aristocrats

In marxist theory, the landowner class of feudal times, who owned the land worked on by the class of peasants

Peasants

In Marxist thinking, the people who in feudal times worked the land but did not own it

Capitalists (Bourgeoisie)

Marx’s term for the owners of the mean of production

Workers (Proletariat)

As described by Marx, the people who work for wages and do not own capital, the means of production, in an industrial, capitalist society

Petty (petite) bourgeoisie

As described by Marx, the subclass made up of small-time owners with little capital

Lumenpenproletariat

As described by Marx, the group of people in capitalist society who neither own capital nor participate in wage labor. For the most part, they get by with casual/occasional labour, scavenging for food and articles to sell, and crime

Corporate (organism) identity

The shared sense of common membership and common purpose that a social group can have

Class consciousness

Having awareness of what is in the best interests of one’s class

Highland Clearances

The eviction by land-owning aristograts of tenant farmers in scotland in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. the clearances, which were carried out to make room for sheep, helped aristocrats capitalize on the rapidly growing textile industry while sending many peasant farmers abroad to find work

False consciousness

As described by Marx, the belief that something is in the best interests of one’s class when it is not

Dominant capital class

The social class composed primarily of those who own or control the means of production

Middle class

The social class made up primarily of small-scale business people, educated professionals, and salaried employees possessing certifiable credentials

Working class

the social class made up primarily of those who lack resources or skills apart from their own labour power

Professionalization

the process of turning work done by volunteers into paid work

Strata

Social classes in ranked layers, with no specific relationship to the means of producing wealth

Ideology

A relatively coherent set of interrelated beliefs about society and the people in it

Dominant ideology

A set of beliefs put forward by and in support of the dominant culture and/or ruling classes within a society, to help them justify their dominant position and dominating practices

Trickle-down theory

The misleading notion that if wealthy corporations are permitted to operate unfettered by trade restrictions and high corporate taxes, they will generate greater revenues, some of which will “ trickle down” to society’s poorer citizens in the form of more jobs and higher wages. A central pillar of neoliberalism

Neoliberalism (Neoliberal ideology)

A set of financial policies designed to free big businesses through tax cuts, deregulating the economy, by eliminating tariffs and other barriers to free trade, and weakening labour unions. also called neoconservatisim

William Ryan

American psychologist and author of Blaming the Victim

Blaming the victim

William Ryan’s term for the process of assigning responsibility to individuals for events or circumstances that have broader social or genetic causes

Counter-ideology

A set of beliefs that challanges or contests the dominant ideology put forward by the dominant culture and the ruling classes

hegemony

A set of relatively non-coercive methods of maintaining pwoer used by the dominance class

Food bank

A central clearing hosue run by a non-profit organization to collect, store, and distribute food free of charge to the poor

Intake data

Basic socilogical data that service organizations such as food banks collect from clients when they first appear to avail themselves of the service

Core need

When more than 30% of household income is needed to pay for housing

Deep core need

When more than 50% of household income is needed to pay for hosuing

Living wage

generally a salry sufficient to pay for housing, food, and other basic necessities

Sex

The biological differences between boys/men and girl/women, as opposed to the sociological differences

Gender

As described by Ann Oakley, the socially constructed and socially unequal division of masculinity and femininity, as opposed to the biological division of sex

Ann Oakley

British feminist sociologist and novelist, who was among the first to distinguish the concepts of sex and gender in a sociological context

Gander role

The role that a culture or society assigns as “normal” for boys/men and girls/women

Intersex

A person with both male and female sexual characteristics, as a result of a biological condition that produces either an atypical combination of males and female genitals/secondary sexual characteristics

Transgender

A person who either does not conform to the gender role associated with the biological sex, ir does not self identify with the biological sex assigned to them at birth

Liberal feminism

A feminist approach that typically involves working toward pay equity for women. this form of feminism is criticized as reflecting the concerns of white middle class western women while overlooking the concerns of women of different ethnicities and classes

Pay equity

Compensation paid to women in traditionally female-dominated industries where salaries and benefits have been lower than those given to employees in comparable professions dominated by men

Essentialist feminism

A feminist approach that involves looking at differences between the way women and men think while arguing for the equality - and sometimes female superiority - in that difference

Socialist feminists

A feminist approach that involves looking at the intersections of oppression between class and gender, focusing mainly on the struggles faced by lower-class women

Postmodernist feminism

A feminist approach that involves looking at women more as subject who quide research, rather than as objects being researched

Queer theory

As described by Judith Butler, an approach that rejects the idea that gender identity is connected to some biological essence, proposing instead that gender reflects social performance on a continuum, with male and female at opposite sides

Scientific management (Taylorism)

An approach to workplace efficiency that involves studying the least amount of time, methods, and tools required for a proficient worker to complete a specific task in order to determine the simgle best way of doing that job