Chapter 4: DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes

Euchromatin

________ is said to be transcriptionally active, and heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive.

Wilkins

________ and Franklin studied DNA molecules with the help of X- ray crystallography.

DNA molecule

Each ________ that forms a linear chromosome must contain a centromere, two telomeres, and replication origins.

H1

There are five types of histone proteins ________, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, called the core of the nucleosome.

unit of compaction

The ________ is the nucleosome.

Karyotype

________: Study of external morphology which includes size, shape, number, arm length, and secondary constriction.

Adenine

________ binds to thymine by two hydrogen bonds and cytosine binds to guanine by three hydrogen bonds.

coils

The ________ are maintained by nonhistone proteins like polyamines.

Units of inheritance

________ are called genes.

hereditary information

The ________ which is stored in every individual and passed on to future generations is in the form of genes.

DNA

________ was thought of as a structural element but, after a few experimental observations, it was proved that ________ is the genetic material.

James Watson

________ and Francis Crick double helical structure of DNA solved a lot of queries related to the technicalities of genetic transmission.

additional set of proteins

The packaging at a higher level requires a(n) ________ (acidic) that collectively are referred to as non- histone (NHC) proteins.

Chromatin

________: It is a complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

R strain

________: Rough or non- capsulated type which has dont have a mucous coat and produces rough colonies.

Chromosome

________ undergoes a series of processes collectively called the cell cycle.

S strain

________: Smooth or capsulated type which has a mucous coat and produces smooth shiny colonies.

Introns

________: An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA processing ensuring the final RNA product.

DNA replication

After ________, the presence of a second specialized DNA sequence called a centromere, allows one copy of each duplicated and condensed chromosome to be pulled into each daughter cell when a cell divides.

DNA molecule

In a(n) ________, one purine always pairs with a pyrimidine.

DNA

________ is negatively charged.

chromatin

The ________ that is densely packed and stains dark is called heterochromatin.

DNA

________ is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides.

DNA

________ present between two adjacent nucleosomes is called linker ________.

DNA

In ________, pentose sugar is deoxyribose, and four types of nitrogen bases are A, T, G, and C.

Evidence from bacterial transformation

Two strains of bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia were taken

S strain

Smooth or capsulated type which has a mucous coat and produces smooth shiny colonies

R strain

Rough or non-capsulated type which has dont have a mucous coat and produces rough colonies

DNA Packaging in prokaryotes

DNA is found in the cytoplasm in the supercoiled state

Chromatin

It is a complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Karyotype

Study of external morphology which includes size, shape, number, arm length, and secondary constriction

Exons

Exons are encoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that is translated to protein

Introns

An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA processing ensuring the final RNA product