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Step 1
Resting state:
All gated ion channels are closed
Membrane at RMP (-70 mV)
Step 2
Depolarizing phase:
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
Sodium (Na+) carries + charges into cell
Continues until ~+35 mV
Negative (-) -> Positive (+) total charge
Step 3
Repolarizing phase:
Gated Na+ channels close, gated K+ open
Potassium (K+) carries + charges out
Positive -> Negative total charge
Step 4
"Undershoot"
Excess K+ enters
Hyperpolarization occurs
Charge drops to -72 mV
Negative -> more negative than usual
Step 5
Return to resting state:
All gated ion channels have closed
Na+/K+ pump return ions to other side
Resting (-70 mV) state restored