From Canvas (Vocabulary) - Unit 5: The Muscular System

Cardiac Muscle

They form the wall of the heart. It is also an involuntary muscle and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They also appear striated when viewed under a microscope.

Skeletal muscle

They are sometimes called striated muscles because they appear striped under a microscope. They are also in the classification of voluntary muscles because they operate under conscious control. There are other voluntary muscles as well. Most work in pairs.

Smooth (visceral) muscle

They are found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes of our body such as the stomach, intestines, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels. These are involuntary muscles. Contractions of these muscles are regulated by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

fascia

Fibrous connective tissue that holds together muscle fibers. Essentially all of the connective tissue in the body. It is a tough covering, much like a sausage casing, that surrounds every muscle. It forms a vast supporting network found throughout the body and is continuous from head to toe. Tendons, joint capsules and ligaments are composed of this. Composed mainly of collagen fibers, together with water and other proteins which provide a glue-like quality. The connective tissue fibers extend deep in between individual muscle cells and practically all cells of the body. It also varies in thickness.

Point of insertion

attachment to a bone that moves, the bone that the muscle moves.

Point of origin

attachment to a bone that is less movable, where tendon attaches the muscle to the bone.

Synergetic

pertaining to certain muscles that work together.

Buccal

cheek.

Masseter

Located at the angle of the jaw, raises the mandible and closes the jaw.

Sternomastoid

Extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process.

Temporal

Located above and near the ear.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle has two heads, originates from scapula, inserts on the radius.

Deltoid

Covers the shoulder joint, originates from clavicle and scapula, inserts on lateral side of the humerus.

Latissimus Dorsi

Originates from vertebrae of lower back, crosses lower half of thoracic region, passes between humerus and scapula, inserts on anterior surface of humerus, forms the posterior border of the armpit.

Pectoralis Major

Large, fan-shaped muscle, crosses the upper part of the front chest, originates from sternum, crosses over to humerus.

Trapezius

Triangular-shaped muscle, extends across the back of the shoulder, covers back of neck, inserts on clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

Triceps Brachii

Muscle has three heads, originates from scapula and humerus, inserts onto olecranon process of the ulna, at the elbow.

Gastrocnemius

Main muscle of the calf, attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon, used to plantar flex foot and flex toes.

Gluteus Maximus

Forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock, originates from ilium and inserts in the femur.

Gluteus Medius

Located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle, originates from posterior part of ilium, inserts in greater trochanter of the femur.

Hamstring Muscles

Located in posterior part of the thigh, help flex leg on the thigh, help extend the thigh.

Quadriceps Femoris

Forms anterior part of the thigh, help extend the thigh.

Tibialis Anterior

Positioned on the front of the leg, used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward.

Abduction

a movement which draws a limb away from the median sagittal plane of the body.

Adduction

to draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb.

Contraction and relaxation

changes in the sizes of openings.

Locomotion

when chemical energy is changed into mechanical energy.

Propulsion

movement of substances through tubes, as in circulation and digestion.

Asthenia

without, not, no strength.

Ataxia

Indicates a lack of muscle coordination. Generally, a nervous system disorder or neuromuscular disorder (stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, alcohol abuse).

Atonic

a lack of muscle tone (Huntington's, stroke, brain tumor).

Bradykinesia

slow movement (a symptom of Parkinson's Disease).

Brachialgia

pain in the arm.

Contracture

when a muscle is flexed and drawn into a position where it is almost immovable.

Dyskinesia

bad, difficult or painful movement (Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson's Disease).

Dystonia

a movement disorder which causes involuntary contractions of the muscles.

Hyperkinesia

excessive movement.

Kinesia

medical term for movement.

Myalgia

muscle pain.

Myasthenia

without, no, not, muscle, strength.

Spasticity

condition of increased muscular tone causing stiff, awkward movements.

Sthenia

strength.

Fascitis

inflammation of fascia.

Fibromyalgia

Disorder with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.

Fibromyitis

Inflammation of muscle and fibrous tissue.

Muscular Dystrophy

Characterized by progressive muscle weakness and muscle fiber (individual muscle cell) degeneration.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles of the body.

Myofibroma

Tumor of muscle and fiber.

Myoma

tumor of muscle tissue.

Myomalacia

softening of muscle tissue.

Myosarcoma

tumor of muscle tissue.

Myosclerosis

abnormal condition of hardening of muscles.

Polymyositis

Chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles, characterized by muscle weakness of hips and arms and degeneration.

Rhabdomyoma

tumor of striated muscle tissue.

Rotator Cuff Tear

Tear in muscles that form a “cuff” over upper end of arm, rotator cuff helps to lift and rotate the arm, also helps to hold head of humerus in place during abduction of arm.

Aldolase blood test (ALD)

Measures ALD enzyme in skeletal and heart muscle. Diagnosis for Duchenne MD.

Calcium Blood Test

determines levels of calcium which is essential for muscular contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.

Electromyography

Process of recording strength of contraction of a muscle when stimulated by electric current. Recorded with a myograph.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation (sed) Rate

Blood test that measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood.

Lactic Dehydrogenase(LDH)

determine the level of LDH enzyme which is increased in muscular dystrophy, damage to skeletal muscles, and after a pulmonary embolism.

Muscle biopsy

Extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue, through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy, for purpose of examining it under a microscope.

Cryotherapy

For soft tissue and muscle injuries. Diminishes bleeding and edema by causing vasoconstriction.

Diathermy

high frequency current to produce heat within a part of the body.

First Aid Treatment

RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.

Hydrotherapy

hot tub, bath, whirlpool etc.

Myoplasty

Surgical repair of a muscle.

Myorrhaphy

Surgical suture of a muscle wound.

Myotomy

Surgical incision into a muscle.