Introduction & Orientation Slides

functional human anatomy

Briefly differentiate between anatomical studies and physiological studies.

Anatomical studies = structure/morphology; Physiological studies = function and interactions of systems.

What is the fundamental difference between histology and gross anatomy?

Histology = microscopic anatomy (cells/tissues); Gross anatomy = visible to naked eye.

Why study pathology?

To understand structural changes caused by or leading to disease.

Differentiate between developmental biology and embryology.

Developmental biology = life from conception to death; Embryology = conception to birth/hatching.

Briefly define homeostasis and provide an example of a homeostatic mechanism.

Maintaining a stable internal environment; Example: body temperature regulation via sweating/shivering.

List the four basic categories of biomolecules.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Provide an example of the cellular level of organization.

Neuron, skeletal muscle cell, sperm cell.

Organs are composed of __________, which are in turn composed of __________.

Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells.

Provide the name and a brief functional description of an organ system.

Respiratory system – brings O₂ in, removes CO₂.

Name an organism other than humans.

Dog, cat

How might the integument help to regulate body temperature?

Sweating to cool, constricting blood vessels to conserve heat.

What “mineral” is stored within the bones?

Calcium (and phosphorus).

How might the muscular system help to regulate body temperature?

Muscle contractions (shivering) generate heat.

What are the “messengers” of the nervous system?

Nerve impulses and neurotransmitters.

What are the “messengers” of the endocrine system?

Hormones.

Are the cardiovascular and circulatory systems synonymous?

No – circulatory includes cardiovascular + lymphatic systems.

Name an organ of the cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels.

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Return leaked fluid to blood and provide immune defense.

Name an immune system cell.

Lymphocyte (T cell or B cell).

What are the two respiratory gases?

Oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

How are they transported throughout the body?

By the cardiovascular system via blood.

Define diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Differentiate between cellular respiration, external respiration, and internal respiration.

Cellular: cells use O₂ to make ATP; External: gas exchange between lungs & blood; Internal: gas exchange between blood & tissues.

Through what organ(s) is food received into the body?

Mouth.

How is food reduced physically?

Chewing (mechanical digestion).

How is food reduced chemically?

Enzymes and acids (chemical digestion).

Where does most absorption of nutrient molecules occur?

Small intestine.

In what form is indigestible solid waste excreted?

Feces.

Proteins are composed of __________.

Amino acids.

Name a molecule that is a waste product of protein metabolism.

Urea.

Name a reproductive organ

Testis, ovary, uterus, etc.

What are the male gonads called?

Testes.

What are the female gonads called?

Ovaries.

Describe a common reproductive behavioral adaptation displayed by humans.

Parental care.

Describe a common reproductive behavioral adaptation displayed by birds.

Nest building and incubation of eggs.

Do the palms of your hands face anteriorly or posteriorly in anatomical position?

Anteriorly.

Why are anterior and ventral synonymous in humans?

Humans are upright; belly side is front.

Would they be synonymous in a dog?

No – in quadrupeds, ventral is downward, anterior is forward.

Which is more proximal to your right shoulder girdle: your right humerus or your right radius?

Right humerus.

Is your dermis deep or superficial to your epidermis?

Deep.

Which body plane would separate your esophagus from your trachea?

Sagittal plane.

List the characteristics of the chordate body plan.

ube within a tube, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord & vertebrae, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches, postanal tail.

Briefly describe the inner tube.

Digestive tract (mouth to anus) and respiratory tract

Are the brain and spinal cord part of the inner or outer tube?

Outer Tube

Are the notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord synonymous?

No – notochord = support, nerve cord = CNS.

Are the notochord and vertebrae synonymous?

No – vertebrae replace most notochord in adults.

Provide evidence of axial segmentation in an adult human.

Ribs, vertebrae, intercostal muscles.

What two tubes meet within the pharynx?

Digestive and respiratory tracts.

Are the lungs housed within the dorsal or ventral body cavity?

Ventral.

Are the kidneys housed within the abdominal cavity?

Yes

Are the kidneys housed within the peritoneum?

No – retroperitoneal.

Is the mediastinum a coelomic cavity?

No – it’s a space, not a cavity.

Name the three coelomic cavities.

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal.

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

Epicardium.