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innate immune system
host defense mechanisms that do not adapt to a particular pathogen or generate immunity
adaptive immunity
antigen specific immune responses generated by B and T lymphocytes and includes immune memory
immune memory
the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively
recognizing absence of self
missing self molecules like MHC I
pattern recognition receptors
membrane bound and soluble receptors that recognize non-self and are part of innate immunity
BCR and TCR
somatic generated receptors part of the adaptive immunity
ligand
a molecule that forms a complex with another molecule or receptor
affinity
strength of interaction; single binding site
avidity
total strength of binding at multiple sites
antigen
a ligand that elicits an immune response
epitope
the smallest identifiable part of an antigen bound by a receptor
immunogen
an epitope that induces an immune response
hapten
a molecule that does not induce an immune response unless bound to an immunogen
toleragen
a molecule that induces adaptive immune unresponsiveness to train the immune system
factors that affect immunogenicity
size, complexity, conformation, chemical properties
physical barriers
skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, urination
chemical barriers
pH, antimicrobial molecules
antimicrobial molecules
defensins, fatty acids, RNAse, DNAse, lysozymes
biological barriers
commensal microbes that compete for resources, produce antimicrobial peptides, and train the immune system
pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
a preformed receptor in the innate immune system that recognizes broad motifs found in pathogens
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
sugars, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
type of PRR that detect specific pathogen associated molecular patterns and trigger a signaling pathway
killer activation receptors
preformed receptors that detect MICA and MICB and kill cells
killer inhibition receptors
preformed receptors that detect MHC I and can save the cell
complement receptors
preformed receptors on phagocytic cells that facilitate binding, ingestion, and internal degradation of tagged microbes
Fc receptors
preformed receptors that bind a specific epitope that has gone through a conformational change
IgE
an antibody that can be bound by specific cells in the absence of an epitope
somatically generated receptors
receptors that are randomly generated by chromosomal rearrangements
B-Cell receptors
somatically generated receptors with cell surface immunoglobulin that signal through Ig alpha and Ig beta to activate a call
can differentiate into plasma cells
T-Cell receptors
somatically generated receptors with cell surface receptors and a heterodimer that are associated with CD3 complex
CD4 and CD8 act as receptors
thymus
the first lymphoid organ to develop that is the site for education of T-cells
positive selection
determines if a T cell can tell self from non-self
negative selection
determines if a T cell will react to a self peptide
bone marrow
a primary lymphoid organ that is the site of development of B cells
spleen
an organ that filters blood and concentrates blood borne antigens and microbes
has a high concentration of macrophages that can destroy encapsulated bacteria
lymph nodes
structures that filter lymph fluid and are sites for mixing of dendritic cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
sites other than lymph nodes where lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells mix
lymphatic circulatory system
additional circulatory system outside of the cardiovascular system that carries WBCs, cell debris, and lymph fluid
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
precursors to leukocytes
leukocytes
cells that defend against microbes, are classified by morphology, and have specialized roles in the immune response
myeloid lineage
the cells that make up the innate part of the immune system
monocytes
agranular leukocytes that are in the circulation and perform phagocytosis
macrophages
agranular leukocytes that reside in the tissue, perform phagocytosis, and are pro antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells
agranular leukocytes that are found throughout the body, perform phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, and are pro antigen presenting cells
neutrophils
granular leukocytes that release granules containing antimicrobial factors and produce neutrophil extracellular traps
basophils
granular leukocytes that have histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines; found in circulation
mast cells
granular leukocytes that contain histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines that are tissue specific
eosinophils
granular leukocytes that are important in helminth responses and contain proteins that are pro-inflammatory and toxic
B cells
lymphoid cells that are specific and produce only one type of antibody for one epitope
plasma cells
terminally differentiated B cells that act as antibody factories
T cells
lymphoid cells that have two main types: CD4+ and CD8+
CD4+ T cells
T cells that recognize MHC II; also called T helper cells
CD8+ T cells
T cells that recognize MHC I and kill cells infected with intracellular bacteria and viruses; also called cytotoxic T cells
NK Cells
cells that lack CD3, TCR, and BCR that kill virally infected cells and tumor cells
express KARs and KIRs
contain perforin and granzyme
NK T cells
express TCR and respond to lipids, glycolipids, and hydrophobic peptides