Intro to the Immune System

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55 Terms

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innate immune system

host defense mechanisms that do not adapt to a particular pathogen or generate immunity

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adaptive immunity

antigen specific immune responses generated by B and T lymphocytes and includes immune memory

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immune memory

the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively

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recognizing absence of self

missing self molecules like MHC I

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pattern recognition receptors

membrane bound and soluble receptors that recognize non-self and are part of innate immunity

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BCR and TCR

somatic generated receptors part of the adaptive immunity

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ligand

a molecule that forms a complex with another molecule or receptor

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affinity

strength of interaction; single binding site

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avidity

total strength of binding at multiple sites

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antigen

a ligand that elicits an immune response

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epitope

the smallest identifiable part of an antigen bound by a receptor

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immunogen

an epitope that induces an immune response

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hapten

a molecule that does not induce an immune response unless bound to an immunogen

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toleragen

a molecule that induces adaptive immune unresponsiveness to train the immune system

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factors that affect immunogenicity

size, complexity, conformation, chemical properties

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physical barriers

skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, urination

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chemical barriers

pH, antimicrobial molecules

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antimicrobial molecules

defensins, fatty acids, RNAse, DNAse, lysozymes

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biological barriers

commensal microbes that compete for resources, produce antimicrobial peptides, and train the immune system

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pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

a preformed receptor in the innate immune system that recognizes broad motifs found in pathogens

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pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

sugars, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

type of PRR that detect specific pathogen associated molecular patterns and trigger a signaling pathway

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killer activation receptors

preformed receptors that detect MICA and MICB and kill cells

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killer inhibition receptors

preformed receptors that detect MHC I and can save the cell

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complement receptors

preformed receptors on phagocytic cells that facilitate binding, ingestion, and internal degradation of tagged microbes

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Fc receptors

preformed receptors that bind a specific epitope that has gone through a conformational change

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IgE

an antibody that can be bound by specific cells in the absence of an epitope

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somatically generated receptors

receptors that are randomly generated by chromosomal rearrangements

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B-Cell receptors

somatically generated receptors with cell surface immunoglobulin that signal through Ig alpha and Ig beta to activate a call

can differentiate into plasma cells

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T-Cell receptors

somatically generated receptors with cell surface receptors and a heterodimer that are associated with CD3 complex

CD4 and CD8 act as receptors

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thymus

the first lymphoid organ to develop that is the site for education of T-cells

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positive selection

determines if a T cell can tell self from non-self

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negative selection

determines if a T cell will react to a self peptide

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bone marrow

a primary lymphoid organ that is the site of development of B cells

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spleen

an organ that filters blood and concentrates blood borne antigens and microbes

has a high concentration of macrophages that can destroy encapsulated bacteria

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lymph nodes

structures that filter lymph fluid and are sites for mixing of dendritic cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

sites other than lymph nodes where lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells mix

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lymphatic circulatory system

additional circulatory system outside of the cardiovascular system that carries WBCs, cell debris, and lymph fluid

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pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

precursors to leukocytes

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leukocytes

cells that defend against microbes, are classified by morphology, and have specialized roles in the immune response

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myeloid lineage

the cells that make up the innate part of the immune system

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monocytes

agranular leukocytes that are in the circulation and perform phagocytosis

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macrophages

agranular leukocytes that reside in the tissue, perform phagocytosis, and are pro antigen presenting cells

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dendritic cells

agranular leukocytes that are found throughout the body, perform phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, and are pro antigen presenting cells

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neutrophils

granular leukocytes that release granules containing antimicrobial factors and produce neutrophil extracellular traps

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basophils

granular leukocytes that have histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines; found in circulation

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mast cells

granular leukocytes that contain histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines that are tissue specific

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eosinophils

granular leukocytes that are important in helminth responses and contain proteins that are pro-inflammatory and toxic

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B cells

lymphoid cells that are specific and produce only one type of antibody for one epitope

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plasma cells

terminally differentiated B cells that act as antibody factories

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T cells

lymphoid cells that have two main types: CD4+ and CD8+

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CD4+ T cells

T cells that recognize MHC II; also called T helper cells

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CD8+ T cells

T cells that recognize MHC I and kill cells infected with intracellular bacteria and viruses; also called cytotoxic T cells

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NK Cells

cells that lack CD3, TCR, and BCR that kill virally infected cells and tumor cells

express KARs and KIRs

contain perforin and granzyme

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NK T cells

express TCR and respond to lipids, glycolipids, and hydrophobic peptides