Histor Exam 1

What areas of North America did the Laurentide Ice Sheet cover?

Canada, the Great Lakes region, New England, New York, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan

What is the Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory?

It is it the theory that there was a land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska. Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia, crossed the land bridge into Alaska, and continued through Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. It is through this land bridge that human migration made it to North America.

Why did Paleo- Indians migrate around North America?

The Ice was melting and exposing new land, and they were chasing food. They followed and hunted large animals such as mastodons, mammoths, and saber-toothed tigers.

Why, and where did, Paleo Indians make permanent settlements?

Agriculture and corn let them settle in fertile areas of southern Mexico and Central America

What cultural markers of civilization did the Mayan Society possess?

-Agriculture

-Permanent settlements and architecture

-Writing

-Trade and hartering

-Valuable/raw resources

-A common religion or belief system

-A calendar to keep track of time and planting seasons

Where did the Incas build their empire?

South America, toward Chile

How did the Aztecs build their large empire and preserve power?

They conquered weaker city-states and used sacrifices to preserve power

What was the purpose of Aztec Sacrifice? Who was typically sacrificed?

Sacrifices paid a blood debt to the gods. War captives were most commonly sacrificed.

What happened to the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas?

They declined because of Spanish conquest, war, overpopulation, soil exhaustion, and famine

What is the Renaissance and why is it important to the discovery of the Americas?

The Renaissance was an intellectual rebirth that improved science, sailing, and exploration.

Which European Nation will lead the way in European Exploration. Why?

Portugal, because of better maps, ships, and sailing techniques.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator and how did he help Portugal become the leader in European exploration.

Prince Henry pushed Portugal to fund exploration for trade routes, land, and gold.

Where is the city of Ceuta and why was its capture important?

Ceuta was off Morocco. Capturing it gave Portugal access to the Strait of Gibraltar and Atlantic Ocean.

What was the Trans-Sahara slave trade and where was is located?

It was a slave trade in North Africa, where Arab traders captured or bought African slaves and took the Middle east.

How did the Portuguese create the Trans-Atlantic slave trade?

The Portuguese entered the Atlantic Ocean, traveled along west Africa, and took African slaves to the Cape Verde Islands, where they created sugar plantations.

Where did the Trans-Atlantic slave trade start? Where did it expand?

It started in the Cape Verde Islands and expanded to the Canary Islands, Caribbean, South American, Central America, and North America.

What caused a delay in the Spanish conquest of the Ameiras?

Spain was at way with the African Moots from Morocco and Algeria, so its money and resources went towards war instead of exploration.

What happened during the Granada War?

In 1492, Spain defeated the African Moors and reclaimed Granada. This Victory was part of the Reconquista.

What effects did Granade War have on Spanish exploration?

Spain gained money, confidence, resources, and experienced soldiers, which helped it explore and conquer new lands.

Who was Christopher Columbus? What myth surrounds his legacy? What happened?

Columbus was an Italian explorer from Genca. The myth is the he proved the Earth was round, but people already know the Earth was round. He sailed West for Spain to find a faster to Asia but reached the Americans instead.

What major contribution did Columbus make to exploration?

He created permanent contact and trade routes between the Easters and Western Hemispheres.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and why was it necessary?

It divided areas of exploration between Spain and Portugal to prevent them from going to way. Spain received most of the Americans, while Portugal received areas including Brazil.

What brutal legacy did Columbus leave?

Columbus ruled the Taino brutally. Many dies from disease, and others were enslaved, mutilated, or killed Spain eventually removed his from power.

Who discovered Brazil and why is it unique in South America?

Pedro Alvares Cabral established Brazil for Portugal around 1500. Brazil is unique because it became a Portuguese-speaking country surrounding mostly by Spanish- Speaking countries.

What geographical areas did Spain colonize in the Americas?

Spain colonized most of South America except Brazil, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and large parts of the Present-day Native populations.

How did Spain conquer the Americans?

Spain used Conquistadors, Soldiers, Government officials, strict laws, and the Catholic mission’s system to conquer and control Native Populations.

What did the dispute between Fr.Isidor Ordonez and Governor Pedro de Peralte in New Mexico show about relationships between governments authorities, church leaders, and Native Americans?

It showed the conflict between Church and government authority over control of missions, Native Americans, and local law.

How did the Spanish Government control New Spain?

Spain used a Centralized bureaucracy, including the council of the Indies, Viceroys, governors, soldiers, laws, and Catholic missions.

How did Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas try to stop abuses of Native Americans?

He reported abuses to Spain and the Church and helped push for the new laws to protect Native Americans.

What made the Spanish class system possible in New Spain?

Sapin used family, baptism, and racial records to track ancestry. Racial mixing created a caste system based largely on how much European ancestry a person had.

According to the Spanish Caste system, which peoples had the most power and which peoples had the least power?

Peninsulares had the most power, followed by Criollos/Ceratos. Mixed-race groups had less power, while people with the most Native American and African ancestry had the least.

What two empires challenged Spain’s dominance in the New World?

England and France

What church was the only major institution in Western Europe until 1517?

The Roman Catholic church.

What type of church structure did this church have? Why type of authority in people’s daily life did it have?

It had a hierarchical structure with the pope (the head of the church), cardinals (Advisors to the pope), bishops (Geolesiastical authorities over parish), and monastic orders (nuns, monks, priests) it had a lot of authority in people’s daily lives.

Why did Martin Luther criticize the Roman Catholic Church? What did he propose?

He criticized political corruption indgences’s, and unethical church practices. He proposed restructuring the church and reforming its practices and teachings.

What Christian tradition did he start, and how did it change Europe?

Martin Luther started Lutheranism, which helped create the protestant reformation and a split in Christianity.

A major belief of Calvinism was __________, which argued that God has already determined who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned before the world began. God is sovereign. One’s behavior does not play a role in one’s salvation.

Predestination

T/F: Calvinism influenced the faith of the early American colonists.

True

How did the Protestant Reformation change Europe?

It split Christianity and caused religious wars, persecution, and political and social unrest.

9. What happened in France during the Protestant Reformation and how did it affect settlement in North America?

Catholics and Protestants fought and persecuted each other, causing some French Catholics and Protestants to leave France and settle in North America.

How did Henry VIII start the Protestant Reformation in England?

When the pope refused to annul his marriage, Henry VIII broke England away from the Roman Catholic Church and made himself head of the Church in England.

How did Elizabeth I institutionally unite Catholics and Protestants in England?

Through the Elizabethan Settlement, she confirmed the Church of England and used the Book of Common Prayer, combining Catholic structure with Protestant theology.

How did England’s victory over the Spanish Armada encourage English exploration to the New World?

After defeating Spain, England no longer feared invasion and could use its money and resources to sponsor ships and exploration to the New World.

Who were the Puritans and why did they disagree with the Church of England?

Puritans were strict Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England because they thought it was too Catholic.

What were some of the Puritan complaints against the Church of England?

They opposed cathedrals, priests, bishops, stained glass, statues, altars, holy water, candles, incense, corruption, and too much government control.

Why were the Puritans despised by the English government?

They were nonconformists who challenged church and government authority and openly questioned laws, taxes, and corruption.

What were the goals of the Puritan dissenters?

To purify English society and the Church of England and create a Christian model society based on the Bible.

How did Puritans see the role of the government?

Government should protect and promote religion, and the Bible should be the source of civil law.

What was the Old Deluder Satan Law? Why was it important to Puritan society and today’s society?

It required towns to provide schools and teachers for children so they could learn to read the Bible. It helped establish the idea of compulsory/public education.

What were the New England colonies?

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. Puritans mainly settled in this New England area. (Puritans, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay).

How was their society different from the Southern and Middle colonies?

Puritans came as whole families and had a mixed economy based on fishing, whaling, lumber, rum, dairy, and small farms.

Who were William and Samuel Vassall? How were they influential in the New England Colonies?

They were wealthy New England Puritans and biblical scholars who argued for more religious tolerance.

How did the Vassall family participate in the slave trade? How was that different from Southern planters?

They invested in the slave trade and owned sugar plantations with enslaved Africans in Barbados. Unlike Southern planters, their plantations were outside New England in the Caribbean.

What was the Triangular Trade/Rum Trade?

Enslaved Africans were taken to the Caribbean to produce sugar, the sugar was shipped to New England to make rum, and the rum was sold throughout the colonies and Europe.

How were the reasons for English colonization different than the Spanish and the French?

The English mainly came for land and profit, along with some religious freedom. Spain focused more on military conquest and spreading Catholicism, while many French settlers came to escape religious violence and build trade relationships.

What was a joint-stock company? How did it organize English colonization to the New World?

It was a group of investors who pooled their money to buy land and create colonies for profit. The Virginia Company helped send settlers to the New World.

Where was Jamestown located?

Jamestown was in Virginia, near the Chesapeake Bay and James River. (1607)

What type of settlers came to Jamestown? How did they differ from the New England settlers?

The first Jamestown settlers were 104 mostly single men and adventurers. New England settlers usually came as whole families.

What problems did the original settlers experience in Jamestown?

They had brackish water, disease, mosquitoes, lack of survival skills, food problems, and constant attacks from Native Americans.

What is the myth of Pocahontas?

The myth says Pocahontas fell in love with John Smith, saved his life, and later married him. According to the transcript, this story is not true.

Why was Pocahontas brought to England?

She was taken to England to show that Native Americans could be converted to Christianity and adopt English culture, encouraging people to settle in Virginia.

What really happened to Pocahontas?

Jamestown settlers captured her for ransom. She later married John Rolfe, went to England, and died there from illness.

Who did Pocahontas marry? What major crop did he grow? Why is this important?

She married John Rolfe. They developed a successful tobacco plant, which helped save Jamestown and Virginia economically.

Why was John Gadsby Chapman’s painting The Baptism of Pocahontas put on display at the United States Capitol?

It promoted the image that Native Americans accepted English culture and Christianity and that early relations between Native Americans and English settlers were peaceful.

Why was tobacco important to Jamestown/Virginia Colony?

Tobacco became the major staple crop and made Jamestown/Virginia profitable and successful.

What were the Southern Colonies? What did they all have in common?

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. They were based heavily on tobacco plantations and later cotton.

Who started the Headright System?

Sir Edwin Sandys.

What was the Headright System and how did it contribute to the plantation system in the South?

A headright was a 50-acre land grant. More land could be gained by bringing indentured servants, which helped create large farms and eventually the plantation system.

What was the House of Burgesses and how did it contribute to the formation of American government?

It was Virginia’s elected colonial legislature and became the first representative government in colonial America.

What were the Middle Colonies and what was unique about them?

New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. They were the most diverse colonies, with many different ethnic and religious groups.

What religious group made up of dissenters started in England but then migrated to Pennsylvania and other Middle Colonies? What is unique about them?

The Quakers/Society of Friends. They believed in racial and social equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance.

Who was William Penn?

William Penn was a wealthy Puritan who converted to the Quaker faith and became an important Quaker leader who helped establish Pennsylvania.

Why were Quaker beliefs considered a problem for the English government and monarchy?

Quakers rejected hierarchy, war, church taxes, clergy, and the divine right of kings, and believed men and women were equal before God.

Who were the Moravians and why was this group part of the Middle Colonies?

The Moravians were a religious group expelled from Germany and England. They settled in Pennsylvania because the Middle Colonies, especially the Quakers, practiced religious tolerance.

What three groups of people were used as labor in the Southern colonies?

Indentured servants, African slaves, and Native American slaves.

When did Native American slavery end? Why?

By about 1730. Native Americans could escape easily, return to their tribes, and sometimes bring back war parties to attack English settlements.

Who were indentured servants?

They were mostly poor European immigrants, especially English, who agreed to work for a master for a set number of years.

What was the process to become an indentured servant? Ideally, how long would one stay as an indentured servant?

They agreed to be sold into service, were brought to the colonies, and worked for a master. Ideally, the contract lasted about 7 years.

What was the reality of indentured servitude?

It could be very brutal, with beatings, whippings, little food, extended contracts, kidnapping, and sometimes death.

What was the White Lion and where did it land in the colonies? Who was aboard the White Lion?

The White Lion was a privateer ship that arrived near Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. It carried about 20 Africans taken from a Portuguese slave ship.

Where did the journey of the Africans aboard the White Lion begin? How did they end up near Jamestown?

They were being transported from West Africa toward Veracruz, Mexico, on a Portuguese slave ship. The White Lion attacked the ship, took the Africans as cargo, and brought them to Jamestown.

Why were African slaves transported to Jamaica, Barbados, and Cuba?

They were taken to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, where European colonies relied heavily on African slave labor.

Why were African slaves eventually preferred over indentured servants?

Indentured servants became harder to get, could run away and blend into society, and eventually had to be released. African slaves were enslaved for life, were easier to identify, and were considered cheaper labor by landowners.

Define Mercantilism.

An economic system where countries compete to gain as much wealth, land, and resources as possible through trade and colonies.

How did the British Navigation Laws enforce Mercantilism?

They required the colonies to trade mainly with England, use English ships, and send profitable goods (Enumerated Goods) like sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, and ginger to England.

What was Salutary Neglect and how did it affect English colonization?

It was a period from about 1607–1763 when England gave the colonies little supervision. Colonists became used to self-government and running their own affairs.

What problems did King George have when he inherited the throne?

Britain had large national debt, especially from wars such as the French and Indian War.

How did the French and Indian War change the American colonies?

England gained more land but also began ending Salutary Neglect and increasing control over the colonies.

Why was George Grenville unhappy with the American colonies?

The colonies were ignoring the Navigation Acts, trading with other countries, and not giving England the profits it expected.

How were colonists bypassing the Navigation Acts during the Sugar Trade?

They smuggled cheaper molasses from French and Spanish Caribbean islands instead of buying only from British islands.

The Molasses Act encouraged the colonists to ________.

Smuggle more.

Describe the Sugar Act of 1764. Did it raise the price of sugar in the colonies?

It cut the tax on British sugar by half but raised taxes on many other goods. No, it did not raise the price of sugar.

Why were the colonists unhappy with the Sugar Act?

They felt tricked because sugar became cheaper while taxes increased on many other products.

What was the purpose of the Vice Admiralty Acts?

To punish American colonists caught smuggling, using harsh Vice Admiralty Courts instead of normal jury trials.

a. Currency Act?

It stopped the colonies from printing their own paper money and required use of British currency.

b. Quartering Act?

It required colonists to house, feed, and provide supplies for British soldiers.

c. Stamp Act? What is an internal tax?

The Stamp Act taxed paper goods and documents. An internal tax is a domestic or sales tax paid inside the colonies.

Why were the Colonists not satisfied with Virtual Representation in Parliament? What did they want instead?

No colonist physically represented them in Parliament. They wanted actual representatives who could vote for them.

What did the Virginia Resolves argue?

No taxation without representation — colonists should not be taxed without their consent.

What was the purpose of Pope Night? How did the Sons of Liberty change Pope Night?

Pope Night was an anti-Catholic celebration. The Sons of Liberty redirected the crowds’ anger toward the Stamp Act and British tax collectors.