HAP Unit 1: Body Orientation

Flashcards created from Human Anatomy & Physiology notes covering body orientation, structural hierarchy, body systems, survival needs, directional terms, and homeostasis feedback loops.

How is anatomy defined in the notes?

Parts of the body (structure)

How is physiology defined in the notes?

How the body works

What is Gross Anatomy?

Study of body structures that you can see with your naked eye

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

Study of structures that are too small to see without a microscope.

What is a Tissue?

Made up of similar types of cells

What is an Organ?

Made up of different tissues

What is Metabolism?

Chemical reactions in the body

What is the core difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy = Structure, Physiology = Function

What are the six levels in the hierarchy of structural organization, in order?

1. Chemical level (atoms)
2. Cellular level (cells)
3. Tissue level
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organism

Which system is responsible for maintaining boundaries, and how?

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (skin) keeps external environment separate from the internal body

Which systems are responsible for movement, and what are their roles?

Muscular system creates body movement. Skeletal system provides support.

Which system is responsible for responsiveness, and what does it do?

Nervous System detects change & responds to them.

Which system is responsible for digestion?

Digestive system breaks clown food & absorbs nutrients.

Which system controls metabolism?

Endocrine system has hormones that help control metabolism

Which three systems are involved in excretion?

Urinary, Respiratory, & integumentary removes waste from body.

How is reproduction described in terms of male and female roles?

Males produce spem & Women produce eggs and supports pregnancy.

Is growth controlled at the systems level?

Growth is a life function, but is not really controlled at the systems level.

What are the five survival needs of humans?

1. Oxygen - needed for making atp
2. Water - hydration & provides medium for metabolic reactions
3. Nutrients/Food - energy & materials for growth & body repair
4. Stable body temp - enzymes work efficently
5. Atmospheric pressure - proper breathing & gas exchange

How is a life function different from a survival need?

Life functions are actions the body performs (movement, digestion, etc.), whereas survival needs are things the body requires from the enviornment (oxygen, food, water, etc.).

What are the three features of anatomical position and why is it important?

Features: 1. Standing upright, 2. Facing forward, 3. Arms at sides, & palms forward. Importance: Provides a standard reference.

What are the directional term examples provided in the notes?

• Superior: My eyebrows are superior to my eyes • Inferior: My mouth is inferior to my nose • Anterior: My chest is anterior to my spine • Posterior: My spine is posterior to my chest • Medial: My nose is medial to my eyes • Lateral: My ears is lateral to my eyes • Intermediate: My nose is intermediate to my face • Proximal: My elbow is proximal to my wrist. • Distal: My Singers are distal to my elbow. • Superficial: My skin is superficial to my muscles • Deep: My bones are deep to my muscles.

What is the primary function of each body system listed in Question 9?

a. Cardiovascular - moves blood b. Integumentary - protects body (skin) c. Endocrine - Controls hormone d. Lymphatic - fights infection e. Urinary - removes liquid waste f. Digestive - breaks down food g. Muscular - enables movement h. Skeletal - Supports body i. Nervous - Controls Signals (pain) j. Respiratory - breathing in $O_2$, out $CO_2$ k. Reproductive - aiding to create life.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis means your body is keep its internal Conditions balanced.

What are two examples of homeostatic mechanisms for body temperature?

• Body temp increases - sweat • Body temp decreases - Shiver

What does the "set point range" identify?

Set point range = normal level the body tries to keep. Ex: Body temp.

What is a feedback control loop in the body and what does it generally do?

It monitors a condition, compares to setpoint, then fixes the imbalance.

What are the three basic components of a feedback control loop?

Receptor -> Control Center -> Effector

What is the example given for a negative feedback control loop?

Blood sugar inc. -> pancreas releases insulin -> glucose returns to a normal level

What is the example given for a positive feedback loop?

Tickle in nose -> sneeze -> Sneeze spreads irratants -> more Sneezes until nose is clear.

In general terms, what is the difference between positive and negative control loops?

Positive feedback amplifies the change, while negative feedback reverses the change.

How is the concept of homeostasis related to disease and aging?

As we age, it becomes harder for the body to maintain homeostasis, which can increase the risk of disease such as diabetes.

Why is the thirst sensation considered a negative feedback control system?

When you feel dehydrated you become thirsty so when you drink fluid, it reverses the dehydration state.