Blood Part 1

what is the purpose of RBC’s being biconcave on both sides?

1) assists in traveling through tiny capillaries
2) increase cell SA which increase gas exchange

why do RBC lose membrane bound organelles when matured?

to make space for the molecules of hemoglobin and won’t consume the O2 it’s carrying

what process do RBC rely on then if they don’t use O2?

they rely on glycolysis for ATP with lactic acid as the main by-product

what happen to RBC at the end of their lifespan?

cells in the liver and spleen phagocytize them to recycle them for their parts

what are the 2 RBC count measures?

hemoglobin (g/dL of hemoglobin in the blood) and hematocrit (% of RBC in blood sample)

examples of granulocytes vs agranulocytes

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

characteristics of granulocytes

• contain cytoplasmic granules

• the granules contain compounds toxic to invading microbes

• compounds released via exocytosis

• involved in inflammatory responses (allergies, pus formation)

characteristics of agranulocytes

• no granules

• lymphocytes important in the specific immune response

• lymphocytes B and T cells

• monocytes phagocytize foreign matter

• monocytes macrophages (specific names in each organ)

where to B cells and T cells mature?

B cells mature in the bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus

creation of thrombocytes

cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes

erythropoietin

hormone released by the kidney stimulating mainly RBC development

thrombopoietin

hromone secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

antigen

any specific target (usually protein) to which the immune system can react

what happens if you mix blood types with foreign antigens?

hemolysis (rupture/destruction of RBC)

T or F, people with Rh negative blood already have anti-Rh antibodies prior to exposure to Rh-positive blood

False, Rh negative people would not have anti-Rh antibodies prior to exposure to Rh-positive blood

Why do the ABO antigens automatically have anti antibodies?

E.coli that inhabit our colon have proteins that match the A and B alleles, serving as a source of exposure allowing you to develop anti A/B antibodies

the allele for Rh antigen

allele D, it’s presence (+) or absence (-); autosomal dom inheritance

erythroblastosis fetalis

during childbirth, women are always exposed to a small amount of fetal blood. If the woman is Rh- and fetus Rh+ her immune system will make antibodies. this would only effect subsequent children with Rh+ as anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetal blood cells resulting in hemolysis

why is there less concern with ABO mismatching b/w mother and fetus?

maternal antibodies against AB antigens are of class IgM, which don’t readily cross the placenta (unlike IgG antibodies)

If you could observe antibodies under a microscope, why would antibodies A and B be found in a person with type O+ blood?

Some one with O blood will produce antibodies against non-self material, such as antigen A and B. It has the Rh antigen, so there would not be antibodies against it

During a blood typing test in a laboratory, a blood sample has agglutinated in both the A and B antibody tubes, but not in the Rh factor tube. Why is the blood type AB-?

Agglutination in the test tubes containing A antibodies and B antibodies indicates that those two antigens are present in the blood. Antibodies react to antigens. No agglutination in the Rh tube indicates that the blood does not have the Rh antigen. Accordingly, the blood type is AB Rh-.

During exercise, muscle tissue becomes slightly more acidic. This results in what change to the gas exchange mechanism? And Why?

a) The conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate shifts to the right.
b) Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
c) The affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 is decreased.
d) Less oxygen remains bound to hemoglobin.

d) Less oxygen remains bound to hemoglobin.

When the concentration of CO2 and H+ is high (like in the acidic conditions produced in the muscle tissue by exercise), CO2 and H+ compete with oxygen for binding sites. This allows more oxygen to dissociate from the hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream and diffuse into the tissues.

a) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs is low, encouraging diffusion of carbon dioxide into alveoli.
b) Carbonic acid donates protons, which diffuse into the alveoli and form carbon dioxide.
c) In the blood going towards the lungs, protons from tissues combine with bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide and water, increasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide that can diffuse into the lungs.
d) Oxygen competes with carbon dioxide for hemoglobin binding sites.

b) Carbonic acid donates protons, which diffuse into the alveoli and form carbon dioxide.

Polycythemia vera is a form of blood cancer in which the bone marrow produces excessive amounts of red blood cells. Why does that lead to difficulty of oxygen reaching organs?

Because plasma, the other component of blood, is made up of 90% water, it can be inferred that red blood cells are thicker. Therefore, producing too many red blood cells would result in thicker blood, which flows more slowly and has a difficult time reaching organs.

Hematocrit describes the percentage of the volume of blood that is composed of red blood cells. With polycythemia, hematocrit would increase, rather than decrease.

factors that lead to decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen vs increased affinity

decreased (right shift) → Increased temp, increased [] of 2,3 BPG and CO2, and increased acidity

increased (left shift) → decreased temp, decreased [] of 2,3 BPG and CO2, and decreased acidity