Comparative Anatomy Exam 2

Cartilage

Smooth connective tissue, protects ends of long bones (articular cartilage, rib attachment, bronchial tubes, trachea, intervertebral disks) MADE FROM CHONDROCYTES

Cuticle

Thickened skin around nails in humans

Ligamentsq

dense fibrous collagenous bundles, articular and synovial ligaments, joint stability (bone-bone)

Tendons

fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bones, collagen, rope-like tenocytes (muscle-bone)

Fascia

membranes creating muscle/organ compartments, reduces muscular friction, collagen silverskin

Bones are made up of

minerals like hydroxyapatite, crystals of HAP are often found in pathological calcifications

Marrow

5% body mass adult, home of stem cells, semi solid tissue within spongy bone, rib, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis

red marrow

produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) large bones, RBC, WBC, platelets

yellow marrow

stores fat, and stem cells(adipocyte, cartilage, bone) can convert to red in emergency blood loss

endosteum

ost=bone, thin vascular tissue within bone (not spongey)

periosteum

fiber that covers outer surface of all bone

cortical

compact bone

spongy

cancellous or trabeculae

spongy bone function

receives nutrients from arteries that pass through compact bone via nutrient foramen, blood passes through narrow cavities, collected in veins, nerves follow same path, sense pain and control blood supply and bone growth

human bone #

206

Horse Bone #

205

Cow Bone #

207

Sheep Bone #

215

Goat Bone #

189

Pig Bone #

223

Dog Bone #

319-321 (based on tail)

Cat Bone #

250

Chicken Bone #

120

Bones to know

Cranium, vertebrae (transverse process) atlas C1 (cervical, number 1) Axis C2, ribs/sternum, clavicle, humerus, pelvis, femur, tibia/fibula, radius/ulna, phalanges

Long Bones

longer than they are wide, most of the load activities, support weight and facilitate movement

Long Bone examples

humerus, femur, tibia, ulna, phalanges)

Short Bone

roughly equal in size in 3D, allow for movement, tend to be cube shaped, provide stability and some movement

short bone examples

ankle(tarsals), wrist(carpals)

carpals

scaphoid, lunate, hamate, triquetral,pisiform,capitate,trapezoid, and trapezium

tarsals

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral/medial/intermediate cuneiforms

Flat Bones

broad plates protective of squishy bits

flat bones examples

cranium, pelvis, sternum ribcage, skull parts

Bones of skull

occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, temporal, and vomer

Sesamoid

bone embedded within a tendon or muscle, act like pulleys, some at base of thumb in tendons

Sesamoid Example

Patella, base of thumb, under big toe

Irregular Bones

not like the others, variable shapes, catch all category

Irregular Bone example

vertebrae, sacrum, mandible, pelvic bones (pubis, ilium, and ischium are both flat and irregular)

Vertebrae function

protection of nerves

Diaphysis

hollow tubular shaft running between ends, contains medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow, outer walls (cortical bone)are dense compact bone

epiphysis

wider section on each end, filled internally with spongy bone and marrow, epiphyseal plate/line-growth point, covered with articular cartilage (hyaline;articulation)

Condyle

rounded protuberance at end of bone (femur)

process

projection from larger body (vertebrae,sternum)

tuberosity

prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach (similar to trochanter)(tibia, deltoid, ischial)

tubercle

small rounded prominence where connective tissue attach (near head of humerus, lateral face)

Trochanter

enlarged tubercle of femur(not the ball, ball is femoral head, fits in acetabulum(socket) Humeral head(shoulder ball)

fossa

depression or hollow bone

foramen

opening or gap within bone/fascia allowing nerves, arteries, vens or tendon to pass through (vertibral foramen)

openings

foramen and fissure(holes/cracks) for nerves/vessels Fossa(concavity)incisure and sulcus, depression or furros sinus cavity

McBurney's Point

right anterior superior iliac spine(asis) line to umbilicus 1/3 way to umbilicus, pain here indicates appendicitis

spine

sharp slender pointed projection

ridge

long narrow raised line, more rounded than spine

crest

less broad than ridge,muscle attachment

Linea(line)

rough bony ridge for ligament atachment

facet

smooth face for gliding against another bone

fovea

pit serving as site for muscle of ligament atachment, fovea capitis in hip to femur

Humerus (in detail)

longest arm bone(funny bone, ulnar nerve whack) proximally articulates with scapula and clavicle to make shoulder(greater and lesser tubercule;head) distally articulates with radius and ulna to form elbow, lots of muscles to attach to the humerus from shoulder and lower arm(deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradalis all originate here(anchor)

origin vs insertion

origin =anchor point, insertion moves

radius

allows rotaiton of forearm rotate your arm, thickens distally, radial tuberosity is where biceps brachii inserts

ulna

supports and is longer, olecranon is where triceps inserts, coronoid is where brachialis muscle inserts(part that moves)

pisisform

had a pivotal role in the evolution of bird flight, appearing earlier than previously thought

scapula

17 muscles attach to it, center of "shoulder girdle"

clavicle

arm to chest attachment 2 joints at either end AC and SC

Acromion

square projection of scapula

coracoid

projection of scapula anteriorly, attachment for muscles tied to clavicle, humerus, and shoulder

glenoid cavity

socket for ball (labrum lining cartilage)

Cow Bone #

207

know for scapula

spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity

Bursa

Fluid filled sacs that protect bones, ligaments, and tendons

-lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid

-usually where bone tissue rub together(shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, heel)

Species Scapula

Horse has scapulary ridge, but since it doesnt stick out, horse doesnt have acromium

femur

longest and strongest bone in body, proximally articulates with acetabulum of os coxia(hip bone)

• distally articulates with medial and lateral condyles of tibia(greater and lesser tubercule

• patella is attached to quads at distal end of femur(quadraceps and hamstrings and many other powerful muscles are located around the femur

acetabulum

where the femur articulates with the hip bone

Trochanter

tubercle of femur

-3 of them in humans

-greater and lesser are always present

Tibia

flattened condyles articulate with rounded condyles of the distal femur to make tibiofemoral joint(knee) medial to the fibula

-the shin bone, bears most weight(its the bigger one)

Fibula

articulates with tibia at knee(fibular head), proximal tibiofibular joint, and near ankle(distal tibiofibular joint)

talocrual joint

ankle, tibia, fibula, and talus

navicular

-same as distal phalanges, bone in horse front foot, lameness, behind coffin and under pastern

-inflamation of navicular is very painful and causes lameness, once they get navicular issues its done-zo

dura mater

most external membrane surrounding spinal chord

arachnoid mater

middle layer of membrane, below is subarachnoid space

pia mater

innermost “tender mother”, soft, allows blood vessel penetration

cervical spine

c1-c7

thoracic spine

attaches to the ribs, don’t have much of a transverse process because they are attached to ribs, they have a dorsal projection, T1-T12

Lumbar Spine

L1-L5< Lower back, lumbar plexus supply sensation and motor function to lower body

Sacrum (S Spine)

base of spine, pelvic girdle fused s1-s5 vertebraco

coccyx

tailbone 3-5 vertebra fused and vestigial

facets

flat between vertebrae where disc sits

Dolichocephalic

long skull, long and slender nose

-greyhound, dachsundm great dane

-longer lifespan and less health issues than bracy

mesocephalic

intermediate length and width of skull

-labrador, beagle, german shepherdbr

achycephalic

-short nosed, flat faced, broad skull

-pug, bulldog

-can have breathing issues and shorter lifespan

Meninges

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

hyoid

does not articulate with any other bone

-floating in muscle/ligament around trachea (airway)

-protected by mandible and c-spine

-attaches to ligaments(3) and muscles(10) tongue rooted on hyoid, jaw, and skull)

Latissimus dorsi

lateral, ties in to the spinal area

longisimus

muscle along the spine

trapezius

muscle that goes into the back of your neck, is superficial muscle

cardiac muscles

myocardium, middle layers of heart, involuntary, contraction and relaxation

smooth muscle

involuntary gut muscle along tract and lung expansion

Automatic respiratory control

medulla oblongata, pons

conscious respiratory control

cerebral cortex

Respiratory Center in brain

where blood pH is monitored to control respiration rate

motor neuron function

pass signal

depolarization of myocyte(muscle cell)

releases calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum