Chemistry: Matter and Changes Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering physical and chemical properties, phase changes, mixtures, pure substances, elements, compounds, and fundamental laws of mass and composition.

Gases

Substances that are naturally in a gaseous state at room temperature.

Vapor

The gaseous state of a substance that is solid or liquid at room temperature.

Physical Properties

Properties that can be measured without attempting to create a new substance.

Intensive Properties

Properties that are independent of the amount of substance present, such as density, color, and odor.

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of substance present, such as mass, volume, and size.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that are seen when attempting to create a new substance, such as flammability, oxidation, and rusting.

Physical Change

A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without changing its fundamental properties or composition.

Phase Change

The transition of a substance from one state of matter to another.

Chemical Change

A change where one or more substances are transformed entirely into new substances with new properties, during which atoms are rearranged, old bonds break, and new bonds form.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The principle stating that in any chemical reaction, mass cannot be created or destroyed, represented as $\text{mass of reactants} = \text{mass of product}$.

Indicators of a Chemical Change

Observable signs of a reaction including color change, production of gas bubbles, temperature change, formation of a precipitate ($\text{liq} + \text{liq} = \text{solid}$), and production of light, sound, or odor.

Mixture

A physical blend of two or more substances with variable composition that is impure.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, such as tap water or air.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a nonuniform composition throughout, such as soup or concrete.

Methods of Separating Mixtures

Physical techniques used to separate components of a mixture, including physical sorting, distillation, filtration, sublimation, crystallization, and chromatography.

Pure Substances

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition and is both pure and homogeneous.

Element

The simplest form of matter that retains its unique properties, serving as the building blocks of other substances, categorized into metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Compound

A substance containing specific ratios of two or more elements that are chemically bonded and can only be separated by chemical means.

Law of Definite Proportions

The principle that regardless of the amount, a chemical compound is always composed of the same elements in the exact same proportions.

Percent by Mass

A measure of composition calculated as $\left(\frac{\text{Mass of element}}{\text{Mass of compound}}\right) \times 100$.

Law of Multiple Proportions

The law stating that different compounds with distinct properties can be formed by combining the same elements in different ratios.