Chapter 1 - Lets make it to Finals.

Properties of Life

order, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment, energy processing

Levels of Biological Organization

1. Biosphere (all life and where they live)

2. Ecosystems (local life and where they live)

3. Communities (local life)

4. population (local set of same species)

5. organism (individual)

6. organs

7. tissues

8. cells

9. organelles

10. molecules

Reductionism

Reduces complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study

Emergent Properties

Properties that arise after a certain level of complexity. For example, a box of bicycle parts doesn’t have the same properties as a bike.

How are Emergent Properties Studied?

Emergent Properties are studied with reductionism and systems biology

Systems Biology

The study of biological systems through interactions between their components

Genome

The “library” of genetic info an organism possesses

Proteome

The set of all the proteins an organism has

3 developments for genomics and proteomics

high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, interdiciplinary research teams

of chemicals and energy, which flows and which cycles?

chemicals cycle, and energy flows

Eye lens cells are tightly packed with what transparent protein?

Crystallin

Feedback regulation

Its when the output of a process regulates that very process

What is the most common feedback regulation?

Negetive feedback

Negative Feedback

Response reduces the initial stimulus.

Example of negative feedback

After eating a meal blood glucose levels rise, and insulin levels raise (response) due to cells in the pancrease secreting it, and this triggers our bodies cells to take in glucose along with liver cells to store it, lowering glucose levels (decreasing the original stimulus)

Positive feedback

When the product speeds up its own production

Positive feedback example

When a blood vessel is damages, platelets aggregate and these platelets release chemicals attracting more platelets and this initiates a complex process that seals a wound with a clot.

Global warming basic info: For how long, how much has it risen since 1900, how much will it reach by the end of the century

Over the past 150 years, humans have greatly increased the burning of fossil fuels releasing gasses that trap heat. CO2 from human activities increased the temperature by 1 degree celcius since 1900 and at the current rate, 3 degrees celcius by the end of the centure.

Climate Change

a directional change to the global climate that lasts for 3 decades or more

How many species recorded?

1.8 million, each with a 2 part naem

How many species of fungi recorded?

100k

how many species of plants recorded?

270k

How many species of vertebrates recorded?

57k

How many insects recorded?

1 million

How many species total?

10-100 million, and we are recording thousands each year so we are getting closer to all the species

Domains of life

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Kingdoms of Eukarya

animalia, fungi, plantae, protists

When did charles darwin publish his famous book, and what was it called?

November 1859 , “On the origin of Species by means of natural selection”

What did Charles Darwins book “On the origin of Species by means of natural selection” cover?

Decent with modification and Natural selection

What were the 3 observations that Darwin combined to make his theory of natural selection?

1. individuals of a population vary in traits (that are mostly heritable)

2. A population produces more offspring than what can reproduce

3. Species are usually suited to their environment

When and where did Darwin collect his finches

He collected them from the Galapagos Islands in 1835

When did early prokaryotes (early life) show up?

3.5 billion years ago

Inductive reasoning

Deriving generalizations from observations

Deductive Reasoning

If____, then______

Theory vs Hypothesis, 3 reasons

1. Broader in Scope

2. spins off new hypthesis’s

3. supported by a much greater body of evidence

Model organisms

Drasophila Melangostar, arabidopsis thaliana, danio rerio, caenohabiditus elegans, mus muscles, escherichia coli

DNA Structure: When was it discovered?

1953 by Watson and Crick