[BIOCHEM LAB MIDTERMS] TO3

Blood typing

The process of determining a person's blood group based on specific antigens present on red blood cells

Karl Landsteiner

The Austrian scientist who discovered human blood groups in 1901

Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells that can occur when incompatible blood is mixed

Immunological reaction

The type of reaction responsible for blood-cell clumping when incompatible blood groups are mixed

Blood transfusion

The transfer of blood or blood components into a person's bloodstream

Antigen

A molecule recognized by the immune system and located on the surface of red blood cells in the ABO blood-group system

Antibody

A protein in blood plasma that specifically reacts with a corresponding antigen

Red blood cells

The blood cells containing hemoglobin that transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen

White blood cells

Blood cells responsible for fighting infection

Platelets

Blood components that help blood clot after injury

Plasma

The fluid portion of blood containing salts and various proteins

ABO blood group system

The blood-group system that classifies people into A, B, AB, and O

Rhesus system

The major blood-group system involving the Rh antigens, especially the D antigen

RhD antigen

The major antigen used to determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative

Rh positive

A blood classification in which the RhD antigen is present on red blood cells

Rh negative

A blood classification in which the RhD antigen is absent from red blood cells

A blood group

The ABO blood group characterized by A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in plasma

B blood group

The ABO blood group characterized by B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in plasma

AB blood group

The ABO blood group characterized by both A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

O blood group

The ABO blood group characterized by neither A nor B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

H antigen

The blood-group-related antigen present in group O and also present along with A or B structures in other ABO groups

ABH genes

The genes responsible for the ABO-related blood-group traits and located on chromosome 9

Chromosome 9

The chromosome on which the ABH genes are located

Codominance

A pattern of inheritance in which both A and B alleles are expressed when inherited together

Mendelian inheritance

The inheritance pattern referenced in the slides for the ABH blood-group genes

Allele

An alternative form of a gene

Genotype

The allele combination that determines a person's inherited blood-group trait

Phenotype

The observable blood-group classification such as A, B, AB, or O

AA OR AO

The genotype that produces blood group A

Aa or ao

The genotype that produces blood group A

BB

The genotype that produces blood group B

BB OR BO

The genotype that produces blood group B

AB

The genotype that produces blood group AB

OO

The genotype that produces blood group O

A and B codominance

The expression of both A and B blood-group characteristics in an individual with genotype AB

Blood group inheritance

The transmission of ABO alleles from parents to offspring

Punnett square

A method used to determine possible offspring genotypes from parental alleles

O x A

A parental blood-group cross that can produce only A or O offspring

B x AB

A parental blood-group cross that can produce A, B, or AB offspring

O x AB

A parental blood-group cross that can produce A or B offspring

Carbohydrate chain

A chain of carbohydrates on the red blood-cell surface whose terminal sugars contribute to blood-group specificity

Terminal sugar

The sugar at the end of a carbohydrate chain that contributes to blood-group antigen specificity

Monosaccharide

A simple sugar that can contribute to the carbohydrate structures forming blood-group antigenic determinants

Walter Morgan

The scientist who, with Winifred Watkins, demonstrated that blood-type specificity is determined by sugars extending from carbohydrate chains

Winifred Watkins

The scientist who, with Walter Morgan, demonstrated the role of sugars in determining major blood-type specificity

1953

The year Morgan and Watkins demonstrated that sugars determine the specificity of the major blood types

3 to 6 months after birth

The approximate period when naturally occurring ABO antibodies become detectable according to the slides

IgM

The immunoglobulin class that makes up most ABO antibodies

Room temperature

The temperature range at which ABO antibodies, mostly IgM, react best according to the slides

Antigen-antibody reaction

The interaction between an antigen on a red blood cell and a corresponding antibody in plasma

O Antigen - glucose - galactose - n-acetylglucosamine - galactose - fucose

Name of this Antigen profile; label from bottom to top.

galactose; a-1,3 n-acetylgalactosamine

What is connected to the ____ chain of A antigen and the name of the sugar

galactose; a-1,3 galactose

What is connected to the ____ chain of B antigen and the name of the sugar; and where

Universal donor

The traditional ABO designation for blood group O in red blood-cell transfusion

Universal receiver

The traditional ABO designation for blood group AB in red blood-cell transfusion

Rh system

The blood-group system based on Rh antigens, particularly the D antigen

Rhesus monkey

The monkey associated with the original discovery and naming of the Rh blood-group antigens

Rh antigen

A transmembrane protein antigen found on the surface of red blood cells

Transmembrane protein

A protein that spans the red blood-cell plasma membrane

RhD positive RBC

A red blood cell that expresses the D antigen

RhD negative RBC

A red blood cell that does not express the D antigen

85%

The approximate proportion of the population described in the slides as RhD positive

15%

The approximate proportion of the population described in the slides as RhD negative

Rh sensitization

The process in which an Rh-negative person develops Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive red blood cells

Rh-positive mother

A mother who possesses the RhD antigen

Rh-negative mother

A mother who lacks the RhD antigen and may become sensitized after exposure to Rh-positive fetal cells

Rh-positive fetus

A fetus whose red blood cells express the RhD antigen

Fetal cells

Cells from the fetus that may enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or childbirth

Placenta

The maternal-fetal interface relevant to whether antibodies can cross between maternal and fetal circulation

IgM antibody

A large antibody class that the slides state does not cross the placenta

Immunoglobulin M

meaning of IgM

Rhogam

An injection of anti-Rh antibodies used to prevent Rh sensitization

Passive immunity

Protection provided by antibodies administered or acquired rather than produced through the recipient's own active immune response

Active immune response

The immune response in which the person's own immune system produces antibodies after antigen exposure

Carbon dioxide AND ammonia

The possible functions associated with Rh transmembrane proteins according to the slides

Agglutinated RBCs

Red blood cells that have clumped together as a result of an antigen-antibody reaction

RBC rupture

Damage to red blood cells that may occur following severe agglutination and contribute to dangerous transfusion reactions

Toxic reaction

A harmful physiological consequence that can result from incompatible blood-cell reactions

Fatal transfusion reaction

A severe transfusion reaction that can potentially result in death

Autosomal chromosome

A non-sex chromosome, relevant because the ABH genes are located on chromosome 9

Chromosome 9

The chromosomal location of the ABH genes

AA or AO

Blood group A genotype

BB or BO

Blood group B genotype

AB

Blood group AB genotype

OO

Blood group O genotype

A

A blood-group phenotype produced by AA or AO genotype

B

A blood-group phenotype produced by BB or BO genotype

AB

A blood-group phenotype produced by AB genotype

O

A blood-group phenotype produced by OO genotype

1930 Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Karl Landsteiner for his work on blood groups

1901

The year Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups

4 to 6 liters

The approximate amount of blood circulating in an adult human

55%

The approximate proportion of blood made up of plasma according to the slides