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Mitosis
Process of cell division producing identical cells
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells with potential to become specialized cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type
Adult Stem Cells
Partially differentiated cells found in adult bone marrow
Levels of Organization
Hierarchy from cell to organism: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes in a pair, one from each parent
Interphase
Cell growth: growth phase (G1, S, G2)
G1 Phase
Gap 1 phase: cell grows and makes proteins
S Phase
Synthesis phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes
G2
Gap 3 phase: more cell growth and protein synthesis
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form
Metaphase
Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid; Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes; Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again (threadlike instead of rodlike); Nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes at each pole; Spindle fibers break down; Cytokinesis begins
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm into two cells
Plant Cell Cytokinesis
Cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually develops into a membrane
Animal Cell Cytokinesis
Forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal parts
Checkpoints
Critical points regulating cell cycle progression
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death activated by internal/external signals
Tumors
Clumps of cells dividing uncontrollably
Benign Tumor
Abnormal cells clustered together, typically harmless
Malignant Tumor
Cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body
Causes of Cancer
Include diet, physical activity, age, inherited mutations, etc.
Differentiation
Process creating specialized structures and functions
Cell Cycle
Pattern of growth and repair, DNA duplication, and cell division in eukaryotic cells
Chromosome
Strand of DNA with genetic information
Gene
DNA segment with instructions for making a protein
Carcinogens
Chemicals causing cancer by mutating DNA (asbestos, smoking)
Sister chromatids
Two identical chromatids (looks like an X)
Centromere
Center of chromosome where spindle fibers attach
Telomere
end of chromosome
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
gastrula
an embryo with 3 different germ layers
Organogenesis
the process of a body organ or organ system formation that ollow gastrulation
Metastasize
Spreading of disease from one organ to others