Concept 3-Cell Cycle/Cancer

Mitosis

Process of cell division producing identical cells

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells with potential to become specialized cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type

Adult Stem Cells

Partially differentiated cells found in adult bone marrow

Levels of Organization

Hierarchy from cell to organism: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes in a pair, one from each parent

Interphase

Cell growth: growth phase (G1, S, G2)

G1 Phase

Gap 1 phase: cell grows and makes proteins

S Phase

Synthesis phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes

G2

Gap 3 phase: more cell growth and protein synthesis

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid; Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes; Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again (threadlike instead of rodlike); Nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes at each pole; Spindle fibers break down; Cytokinesis begins

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm into two cells

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

Cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually develops into a membrane

Animal Cell Cytokinesis

Forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal parts

Checkpoints

Critical points regulating cell cycle progression

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death activated by internal/external signals

Tumors

Clumps of cells dividing uncontrollably

Benign Tumor

Abnormal cells clustered together, typically harmless

Malignant Tumor

Cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body

Causes of Cancer

Include diet, physical activity, age, inherited mutations, etc.

Differentiation

Process creating specialized structures and functions

Cell Cycle

Pattern of growth and repair, DNA duplication, and cell division in eukaryotic cells

Chromosome

Strand of DNA with genetic information

Gene

DNA segment with instructions for making a protein

Carcinogens

Chemicals causing cancer by mutating DNA (asbestos, smoking)

Sister chromatids

Two identical chromatids (looks like an X)

Centromere

Center of chromosome where spindle fibers attach

Telomere

end of chromosome

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

gastrula

an embryo with 3 different germ layers

Organogenesis

the process of a body organ or organ system formation that ollow gastrulation

Metastasize

Spreading of disease from one organ to others