Middle Ages

Churches were a monument of who?

God

They were inspired by what?

Gothic architecture

Sacred music enhanced what?

Text and inspired worshippers

Music was for what?

Entertainment

Castles were symbols of what?

Worldly power

Music captured what things about being human?

the simple pains and pleasures of being human

Music was also for what?

Dancing

Dance was significant what?

a significant social activity

Were Instruments different in the Middle Ages from those today?

Yes, they were different

Was ink and parchment expenisive?

Yes, Ink and Parchment were expensive

What are notes called?

Neumes

What do Melisma's highlight?

Melisma's highlight the beauty of music over intelligibility of the text

When was Hildegard Von Bingen's Play of Virtues composed?

1150

What was the play Virtues of Hildegard Von Bingen?

Morality play: dramatized allegory of good and evil struggling over the fate of a single soul

Why does Satan only speak and doesn't sing?

It is believed that Hell is devoid of music

What are Virtues associated with?

associated with females

What is the texture of Hildegard Von Bingen's play of Virtues?

Monophonic: allows performers to project the text clearly

What does Hildegard's melodies move by?

Primarily by step (conjunct motion), but occasional leaps (Disjunct motion)

What is Monophonic texture usually?

Plainchant

What is Plainchant also called?

Gregorian chant

Who wrote most of the Gregorian Chant?

Pope Gregory, mostly in the sixth century

The function of the Gregorian Chant?

to project the text clearly and enhance the meaning

Modes

scales with patterns different from today's major and minor scales

Syllabic

one note per syllable (provides clarity of text)

Melismatic

many notes per syllable (Provides emphasis to key words)

What does the extreme of registers emphasize?

emphasize the dramatic moments

Plainchant

monophonic vocal music in the medieval church designed to project religious texts

Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)

Most prolific composer before 1500, wrote on Theology, medicine, botany, and lives of saints

When wasHildegard von Bingen born ?

1098

Unison

More than one performer playing or singing the same pitch or pitches at the same time

Register

the range of a pitch or series of pitches, usually described as high, middle, or low

Plainchant was an integral part of what?

Of every service of worship in the medieval church

Ordinary

unchanging elements of Mass

When do Propers change?

According to the specific Sunday or feast (Alleluia)

Responsorial Chant

One that alternates between a soloist and chorus (call-and-response format)

Monophonic texture

a single melodic line

Can singers heighten text expression by singing many notes in one syllable also known as?

A Melisma

A shift in register can also help do what?

Help embellish the meaning of the text

Franceso Landini's "Behold Spring" is composed in what texture?

Polyphonic texture

When was Francesco Landini born?

1325

Two voice ballata

genre of secular song based in dance

Courtly Love

a code of behavior in medieval courts in which the knight worshipped a lady from afar

What is the "Behold, Spring" piece sung in?

Polyphony texture

What is the meter for "Behold, Spring"?

Triple meter

strophes/stanzas

a verse of poetry, or the music corresponding to that verse

how many strophes does "Behold, Spring" consist of?

Three strophes

What is the Last Strophe for "Behold, Spring"?

ABAA

Francesco Landini (1325-1397)

Most Famous and prolific Italian composer of the 14th century and lavishly praised by contemporaries

Guillaume de Machaut: "No More than one man can count the stars"

A polyphonic work: three equally important voices

When was Guillamue De Maenaut born?

1300

"No More than one man can count the stars" is what type of work?

A polyphonic work: three equally important voices

"No More than one man can count the stars" is an example of?

Courtly love

Each voice presents what?

a different melodic line, uppermost voice; most active and distinct

"No More than one man can count the stars" is set in what meter?

Triple Meter

What is the form of "No More than one man can count the stars"?

AAB form

What does the text of "No More than one man can count the stars" consist of?

It consists of seven lines

The music of the first two lines in "No More than one man can count the stars" does what?

The music of the first two lines is repeated for the second set of two lines

A contrasting melodic idea appears in "No More than one man can count the stars" where?

appears for the closing three lines; isn't repeated

Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)

Both a poet and a composer and traveled through northern Europe

What is a Shawn?

Double reed woodwind, common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and related to the modern oboe

Alfonso el Sabio, songs of the Virgin Mary no. 147 "The Talking Sheep", what instruments were used?

Percussion, wood winds

Homophony

One instrument plays the melody, the other a drone bass

Heterophony

Both instruments play the same melody at the same time, but one of them plays a more elaborate and embellished form

Alfonso el Sabio (1221-1284)

A moving force behind the songs of the Virgin Mary

When was Alfonso el Sabio born?

1221

despite some artist signing their names on their artwork, many medieval artist were what?

they were anonymous

Many composers were what type of religious people?

Monks, priests or nuns

Humanism

movement that explored human interests and values through science, philosophy and the arts.

Who began the Reformation?

Martin Luther

Who determined faith and politics of their realm?

Monarchs determined the faith and politics of their realm

Protestant composers wrote their music in other languages than what?

They wrote their music in languages other than Latin

First contact with the "New World" in fifteenth century

Demand for music and the arts grew

Ideal "Renaissance man" cultivated knowlege in what?

the full range of arts and science

Castiglione's The Book of the ____ recommends learning to sing and play an instrument?

The Book of Courtier

First contact with the "New World" in fifteenth century and the growing confidence in what?

Human reason and distinctiveness of individuals.

Medieval drama was tended towards what?

It was tended towards allegory

What did Renaissance drama emphasize?

emphasized lifelike characters

what invention changed the way information was transmitted?

The Movable Metal type

By 1500, what became a major enterprise and emerged across Europe?

Printing became a major enterprise and presses began to emerge across Europe

Josquin Des Prez, "The Cricket" when was it composed?

1500

Josquin Des Prez, "The Cricket" how many parts are in it?

three-part form labeled ABA

Falsetto

a technique where men sing in a very high range

Josquin Des Prez, "The Cricket" what is the texture of it?

polyphony

counter point governs ___?

Governed how multiple melodies sound good when played together

In word painting, what does music do?

Music "illustrates" the meaning of a word or phrase

Josquin Des Prez, "The Cricket" what is the form?

three part form, ABA is called ternary

Josquin Des Prez (1450-1521)

International celebrity in his time and so popular that publishers falsely attributed many pieces to him.

When was Josquin des Prez born?

1450

did instrumental music survive the middle ages?

Little instrumental music survived the middle ages