A&P Exam 1- intro and chem slides

Scientific Method

A set of procedures and steps to form a conclusion.

**Can’t fully prove something, but can get close to say its true

What are the steps to the scientific method?

1. Form question or observation

2. Create a method to gather information regarding your question

3. Interpret gathered information

4. Formulate a conclusion based on the information

5. Access your study to alter & redo it or continue it to gather more information

Inductive Method

Observes the world around us and collects aberrations to form generalizations and predictions (watch & learn)

Hypo-Deductive Method

Starts with a hypothesis and develops a experiment/procedure to test it

Sample Size

# of people/things we are investigating

Controls

-Control group= group within the study that is not actually being tested

-Treatment group= group receiving the treatment

Psychosomatic effects

placebo effect, not knowing who receives the treatment

Experimenter bias

person administering the test can influence the outcome of the test

statistical testing

results help us predict what may happen in the future

Peer review

if your peers can’t recreate or review it, then its not good science

Fact

A scientific fact is supported by extensive and comprehensive data, they occur the same way every time, and maintain the same properties and behaviors. these can be verified by any trained person.

Law of Nature

A generalization about the ways which nature operated. these are the results of the inductive method and allows you to make predictions

theories

a explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

Anatomy

study of structure (morphology) and form

where things are, what it looks like

Physiology

study of function

how and why things work

Atom

fundamental units of matter, basic building blocks (ex: Hydrogen, Carbon)

Molecule

2 or more atoms placed together

Micromolecule

Smaller molecule

macromolecule

collections of molecules

organelles

structures within a cell that carry put metabolic functions

cell

carry out function of life, first living level of hierarchy

tissues

collections of specialized cells that carry out a specific function

organ

collection of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a function

organ system

collection of organs with a unique function

organism

a single complete individual

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable, internal conditions

stressor

anything that movers us away from homeostasis

3 components of negative feedback loops

receptor- senses/detects a change

integrating center- part of the NS that perceives the info

effector- cell or organ that responds and counter acts the change

Positive Feedback

amplifies change,

ex: giving birth (oxytocin)

anatomical position

Person standing upright with feet flat on the floor, arms to their sides, with palms and eyes facing forward

chemistry

the study of the smallest forms of matter and their interactions

atoms

smallest units of matter with unique properties

ex: Hydrogen Atom

Elements

The names given to the 90 or so types of atoms around us

ex: Carbon=C

Atomic Structure

Atoms are composed of smaller forms of matter called subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons)

Atomic Structure

Protons= Located in a cluster at the center of the atom (nucleus), positive charge, mass of 1 a. m. u.

Neutrons= found clustered in the nucleus of the atom, no electrical charge, mass of 1 a. m. u.

Electrons= orbit the nucleus, negative charge, no significant mass

Atomic Number

number of protons in the nucleus, determines what type of element it is

Atomic mass

mass of the atom, number of protons plus neutrons

electron location

orbit the atoms nucleus at specific distances called energy levels (levels 1-7)

Level 1: 2 electrons max

Level 2-8: 8 electrons max

valence electrons

found in the outermost energy level of the atom, determine an atoms behavior with other atoms

neutrality

a atom is considered neutral if it has no overall electrical charge

stability

an atom is considered stable if its outermost energy level is full

ions

atoms that have an overall positive or negative charge

positive= cations

negative= anions

molecules

a combination of 2 or more atoms, can be small or large

bonds

any attractive force between 2 atoms (3 types); ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond

ionic bond

one atom positive, one atom negative

covalent bond

force that keeps atoms close to share electrons

hydrogen bonds

partially positive and partially negative ends of molecules attract a slight force

solutes

small particles of a substance places into and mixed with a fluid

ex: hot cocoa powder added to milk

solvents

the fluids that solutes are placed into

ex: the milk

solution

a mixture of a very small sized solute mixed in a solvent until the solute is evenly mixed

electrolytes

a molecule that breaks into ions when placed into water, essential for nerve and muscle functions

most common: Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+, Cl-

acids

electrolytes that releases a hydrogen ion when placed into water (hydrogen donors)

Bases

electrolytes that accept hydrogen ions when placed in water. decrease hydrogen amount in water

pH Scale

used to measure relative acidity

0-14, 7 being neutral

organic molecule

composed of mostly Carbon

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, etc

inorganic molecules

do not contain carbon

ex: water, salt, etc

carbohydrates

mostly commonly known as sugars and starches

many end in “-ose”

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C6, H12, O6)

Monosaccharides

Simplest forms of carbohydrates, used for energy and as building blocks (monomers) of larger carbohydrates

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides bonded together

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides

used for energy and energy storage

lipids

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

hydrophobic

fatty acids

single chain of 4 or more carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms and with an acid group on one end

triglycerides

group of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

used to store fatty acids in adipose (fat) tissue for energy

phospholipids

2 fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule

phosphate end(head) is hydrophilic

fatty acids (tails) are hydrophobic

used to create membranes around cells and organelles

steroids

4 rings of carbon atoms bonded together

hydrophobic

cholesterol is used to stabilize plasma membranes around cells and to create other types of steroids

other steroid molecules are used as hormones

proteins

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

must come together to form smaller molecules (amino acids)

assembled using peptide bonds

protein functions?

structure, communication, membrane transport catalysis, recognition, protections, movement, cell adhesion

nucleic acids

large molecules involved in the process of how to make proteins

DNA- large molecules with info of amino acids to make body proteins

RNA- help interpret the information along the DNA molecule

adenosine triphosphate

molecule consisting of an adenosine bonded to 3 phosphate groups

stores energy released from the breakdown of carbohydrates and other compounds

used by all of the cells for their available energy