Q3_Lesson 3 - Inquiries, investigations, and Immersion

Materials and Methods

Describes how the results were achieved

Materials and Methods

This section of the research paper should be concise

Materials and Methods

The purpose is to provide specific materials, general procedures, and methods to critique the scientific value of the paper

Materials and Methods

Writing this section should be well-written because it will help the readers/audience to establish the proper thought process and understanding of the investigation

Materials and Methods

Except for the reason that the readers will have a clear understanding of the experiment or investigation a well-written of this section also serves as a set of instructions for anyone desiring to replicate the study in the future

Materials and Methods

And with this, it should be straightforward and detailed so that these future researchers' pursuit the same topic or field could reproduce the results sufficiently to allow validation of conclusions

Research Design

Framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher

Research Design

Allows the researchers to appropriately choose their research methods that are suitable for the topic that they are investigating and set up their studies for a success

Qualitative Research

Defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly

Phenomenological
Ethnographic Study
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study

Qualitative Research

Phenomenological

lived experiences

Ethnographic Study

cultural groups or minorities

Case Study

in depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution

Grounded Theory

comparing collected units of data against one another

Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study

how individuals give meanings (Perception-based)

Quantitative Research

Systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical methods

Descriptive

report and observe certain phenomenon

Correlational

shows the relationship of the variables

Ex post Facto

shows causes to effect

Quasi-Experimental

cause and effect that go intact groups

Experimental

cause and effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation

Conceptual Framework

A graphic representation or non-prose text that provides the scope, range, or limit of the research

Conceptual Framework

Presents the understanding of the researchers about how their variables in their study become connected to each other

Conceptual Framework

Acts as a map that guides the researchers, as well as the reader, about the direction of investigation

Conceptual Framework

Enables the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research

Conceptual Framework

Gives people notion on the research activities you want to perform, on the manner you want to carry these activities out, an on the knowledge you have to prove our familiarity with your research topic

Conceptual Framework

Serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships with one another in a research study

IPO Model (Input-Process-Output)
IV-DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
Predictor-Criterion Model

Sample Conceptual Frameworks

Descriptive
Correlational
Ex post Facto
Quasi-Experimental
Experimental

Quantitative Research

IPO Model (Input-Process-Output)

describes the information processes by listing the independent variable, the analysis of data, and the dependent variable

IV-DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)

especially useful for experimental research, and it presents a “higher order” of variable relationship

Predictor-Criterion Model

especially useful for experimental research, and it presents a “higher order” of variable relationship

Operational Definition of Terms

In writing a research paper, researchers use some terms that are too technical to define, and these could be either jargon or cannot be expressed in simple terms

Conceptual

definitions in a dictionary

Operational Definition

terms can be defined based on how it is used in the research

Operational Definition

could be different to one study to another

Research Instruments

Acts as a tool in collecting or obtaining, measuring, and analyzing data that are connected to the topic of interest of the researchers

Survey Questionnaire
Interview
Experiments
Observation

Most Commonly Used Research Instruments / Data Collection Procedure

Survey questionnaire

a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from participants

Survey questionnaire

it is a set of standardized questions for gathering information from a group of individuals

Open and Closed Question

Types of Questions in a Survey Questionnaire

Open Question

What is your idea about the marketing strategy of online sellers?

Closed Question

respondents will choose their answers to the given choices / alternatives

Closed Question

ex. How important is chocolate in your life
- Not important 
- Important 
- Very Important

Reliability Index

Usually, before a survey questionnaire is administered to your actual participants, this needs to be determined to say that the survey questionnaire you will create or adopt shall possess adequate reliability rate

Interview

the researchers and participants interact

Interview

takes place when verbal questions are asked by an interviewer to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee

Experiments

scientific method of data gathering

Experiments

follow a strict protocol or procedure to eliminate possible error

Experiments

through experiment researchers can control the effect of variables to one another

Observation

research tool where the researchers make observations and record individual’s behavior

Research Instruments

However, the researchers should choose an appropriate tool that will answer the objectives of their research

Participants

Researchers should explain who their participants are

Participants

Also, researchers should explain the criteria in selecting them, which may include the age, place, gender, and how you recruited them

Participants

This part should also narrate the sampling technique and sample size you employed in selecting

Population

Entire group that you want to draw conclusions about

Population

In research, this is not only about people, but it could be species, organisms, countries, objects etc.

Sample

Specific group that you will collect data from

Sample

Representative of the population

Its large/complicated characteristics
Time
Inaccessibility of some population which is also associated with time, cost, and accessibility
Accuracy

Purpose of Sample in Research

Time factor

a sample can give immediate information than population

Accuracy

a sample may be more accurate than testing the whole population sloppily

Data Gathering Process

Detailed presentation of the various phrases of the data gathering, from start to finish

Data Gathering Process

Provides a description of what exactly transpired in each phrase

Data Gathering Process

Entails how are you going to collect needed data for your study using the research method you will employ

Data Gathering Process

You can include steps as to how you will undertake your research

Data Analysis

States clearly the statistical tools used to address the problems that require quantitative techniques

Data Analysis

Important to define the statistical tool (s) that you will use in your study

Data Analysis

As a researcher, it is essential that you also discuss how you will use the specific statistical tool/treatment in your study

Ethical Considerations

In this part, researchers should consider the privacy and confidentiality of the included participants

Ethical Considerations

Further, you should state the measures you conducted to maintain the confidentiality of the participants

Ethical Considerations

As researchers, you should discuss here that the consent is given before the conduct of an interview or of facilitating the survey questionnaires or experiments

Including results in the Method section

Including extraneous details

Treating the method as a chronological history of what happened

COMMON PITFALLS WHEN WRITING MATERIALS AND METHODS