Plant Biology Lab: Final Exam Notes

Pomes

________ have leathery or papery endocarps surrounded by fleshy accessory tissue derived from the floral tube, such as apples and pears.

Hesperidium

________ are modified berries in which the outer part of the ovary wall becomes leathery, typically referring to citrus fruits.

Nuts

________ have a hard shell surrounding the seed such as buckeyes, hazelnuts, and acorns.

Protists

________ are eukaryotes that are never multicellular and do not show differentiation into tissues.

Sporophytes

________ produce spores in a structure called a sporangium.

Gametophytes

________ produce gametes in a social structure called a gametangium.

Microspore

________ is a male spore that develops in a male gametophyte.

Samara

________ have one or more wings, like helicopter seeds from maple and ash trees.

Pepo

________ is a berry with a relatively thick rind derived from the receptacle, such as cucumbers, pumpkins, and watermelons.

gametophyte stage

The ________ in the life of a fern is known as the prothallus.

Caryopsis

________ are also known as grains and have the fruit wall fused to the seed coat, such as oats, wheat, and corn.

Drupes

________ typically have fleshy mesocarp and a single seep eclosed in a hard pit, such as peaches, almonds, cherries, and mangoes.

Polydrupes

________ are formed from the development of several simple carples from a single flower, including strawberries and blackberries.

Filaments

________ are called hyphae, a mass of hyphae is called mycelium.

Spores

________ occur in the conidia in ascomycota.

fruit

________ refers to a mature ovary that contains seeds.

Sexual reproduction

________ requires water in bryophytes.

Pollination

________ is the process in which pollen is transferred from anther to stigma.

Mycelium

________ is the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread- like hyphae.

Bryophytes

________ are non- vascular plants.

Angiosperms

________ are flowering plants.

Seeds

________ require moisture and correct temperature to germinate and break dormancy.

Gymnosperms

________ are cone- bearing plants.

Ferns

________ are seedless vascular plants.

Zygospores

________ are held in place by suspensor cells made up of the former gametangia.

Achene

________ are small, one- seeded, and characterized by the pericarp and seed being loosely attached, such as sunflowers.

Fungi

________ are eukaryotic and reproduce using spores.

Karyogamy

________ only occurs when conditions are unfavorable for the other kind of growth.

Fertilization

________ is the process of fusion of two gametes.

Pericarp

three regions of the ovary are fused together into one pericarp

DNA

polymer composed of repeating subunits called nucleotides

Nucleotides

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; 5-carbon sugars composed of a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

Purines

nucleotides with two rings (A and G)

Pyrimidines

nucleotides with one ring (T and C)

Locus

location of gene on a chromosome

Allele

variation of genes

Homozygous

two identical alleles at a locus

Heterozygous

two different alleles at a locus

Genotype

genetic makeup

Phenotype

physical appearance

Two principles of Mendelian genetics

principle of segregation and principle of independent assortment

Principle of segregation

two members of a gene pair separate during meiosis

Principle of independent assortment

the segregation of one allele pair is independent of the equal segregation of the other allele pair

Protonema

one of the earliest stages in a moss's life cycle

Calyptra

covering tissue for a capsule containing spores

Operculum

bud cap that covers the peristome

Peristome

modified opening consisting of a ring of "teeth" that allows for gradual release of spores

Frond

diploid sporophyte

Sorus

collection of sporangia where meiosis occurs

Indium

a papery covering over the sorus that protects the sporangia from excessive air exposure, drying, and other hazards

Autotrophic

synthesizes its own food

Heterotrophic

feed on others

Heterocyst

special nitrogen fixing cells; often a large, transparent, thick-walled cell found in the filaments of certain blue-green algae and in certain fungi

Pyrenoids

protein body in algal chloroplasts involved in carbon fixation, starch formation, and starch storage

Fungi are grouped by the type of sexual spores they produce into three phylum

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

Rhizopus

a genus of fungi within the Zygomycetes class, example is the fungus that grows on bread

Columella

a sterile structure that extends into and supports the sporangium

Sporangiophore

a specialized hypha bearing sporangia

Ascomycota

spores internally borne in a sac called an ascus

Plasmogamy

the cytoplasm of two parent cells fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell

Sterigmata

a spore-bearing projection from a cell

Megaspore

a female spore that develops into a female gametophyte

Nucellus

develops into perisperm that feeds the embryo

Pistil

consists of one or more carpels and consists of an ovary, stigma, and style

What is the dominant stage of bryophytes?

Gametophyte

What is the dominant state of ferns?

Sporophyte

What is the dominant state of gymnosperms?

Sporophyte

Radicle

Young root of a bean, sticks out from the seed

Plumule

Young shoot of a bean, within the seed

Indehiscent dry fruits

Do not open at maturity

Dehiscent dry fruits

Open at maturity to shed seeds

Layers of a fleshy fruit

Endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp

Homospory

Plants that have one spore type

Heterospory

Plants that have two spore types on the same plant (megaspore and microspore)

What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed in an ovary and develop into a fruit while gymnosperms do not

Incomplete flower

Missing one or more flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Imperfect flower

Has only the male or female part of a flower

monoecious plant

has both male and female imperfect flowers on the same plant

dioecious plant

bears only male or female imperfect flowers