Windows Server 2019 Module 4 whole set

Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) is

A TCP/IP based storage networking standard for connecting data storage services. It allows for block-level access to storage by transporting iSCSI commands over a network

iSCSI is an inexpensive and simple way to configure a connection to a

remote disk

iSCSI relies on harrdware such as

Host Bus Adapter(HBA) or network switches

iSCSI can be used to transmit data over

LANs

WANs

an Intranet

the Internet

iSCSI typically uses which port

TCP 3260

iSCSI creates what type of network

Storage Area Network (SAN)

Best practice is to run iSCSI on its own

Physical and Logical Network

What is the most popular storage networking architecture used by enterprises

Storage Area Networks (SANs)

What should be the minimum speed of your network for iSCSI

1 Gbps

What does an iSCSI target do

presents or advertises itself over the network

iSCSI can be in the form of

software or hardware

Another name for an iSCSI Initiator is

Client

iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN) are

unique Identifiers that iSCSI uses to address initiator and targets on an iSCSI network

All windows operating systems include

the iSCSI initiator 4

What are the two main components of iSCSI

iSCSI Target Initiator and iSCSI Target Server

The iSCSI Target Server role service provides a

software-based and hardware independent iSCSI disk subsystem

iSCSI Target server can be used to create both

iSCSI targets and iSCSI virtual disk

What is Network or Diskless Boot

A way to rapidly deploy diskless servers. This can save up to 90 percent of the storage space that you use for OS by using differencing virtual hard disks. This method is ideal for identical OS images such as ones running on VMs or high-performance computing (HPC) clusters

Server application storage

Can be used for application that require block storage

Heterogeneous storage

The ability to share storage with devices not running Windows Operating Systems

Lab environments

Allows you to use network-accessible block storage to experiment and simulate uses before deploying them onto a SAN

CHAP stands for

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

What does Chap do

Can be used to allow the initiator to authenticate with the iSCSI target

Query initiator computer for ID

This enables you to select an available Initiator ID from the list of cached IDs on the Target server

Virtual hard-disk support

The ability to create iSCSI virtual disks

What does iSNS do

facilitates the integration of IP networks and and manages iSCSI devices

The database provides iSCSI initiators with

iSCSI target discovery functionality

How does the database update

Registration Period and Entity Status Inquiry features of iSNS.

Registration Period allows iSNS to

delete stale entries from the database

Entity Status Inquiry is similar to

ping and allows iSNS to determine weather register nodes are still present and allows it to delete entries that are no longer active

You can devide iSCSI nodes into one or more groups called

discovery domains

Discovery Domains allow you to

make iSCSI initiators only refer to iSCSI targets in the same one

What is Data Center Bridging

a collection of standards-based networking technologies defined by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE). It allows multiple types of traffic to run on the same physical Ethernet network cables in the data center. Data Center Bridging uses hardware-based bandwidth allocation and priority-based flow control instead of the operating system having to manage the traffic itself.

Multiple Connected Sessions (MCS) is a feature that allows for

Enables multiple TCP/IP connections from the initiator to the target for the same iSCSI session.

Supports automatic failover. If a failure occurs, all outstanding iSCSI commands are reassigned to another connection automatically.

Requires explicit support by iSCSI storage area network (SAN) devices.

Multipath I/O (MPIO) provides redundancy by

If you have multiple network interface cards in your iSCSI initiator and iSCSI target server, you can use MPIO to provide failover redundancy during network outages.

MPIO requires a device-specific chapter (DSM) for when you want to connect to a third-party SAN device that's connected to the iSCSI initiator. The Windows operating system includes a default MPIO DSM that's installed as the MPIO feature within Server Manager.

MPIO is widely supported. Many SANs can use the default DSM without any more software, while others require a specialized DSM from the manufacturer.

MPIO is more complex to configure, and it isn't as fully automated during failover as MCS.

What does Data Deduplication do

Scan files, divides those file into chunks, and retains only one copy of each chunk

After deduplication files are not stored as independent data instead they are replaced with what that points to the data on the common chunk

stub

where are files kept after deduplication

in common chunks

data deduplication may do what to overall disk performance

improve it

data deduplication run as a

scheduled task that can have minimum age requirements set

The components of data deduplication role

Filter Driver

Deduplication service

Garbage Collection

Filter Driver

Monitors local or remote input/output (I/O) and manages the chunks of data on the file system by interacting with the various jobs. There is one for every volume.

Deduplication service

Consist of multiple jobs that perform both deduplication and compression of files according to the data deduplication policy for the volume. After initial optimization of a file, if the file is then modified and meets the data deduplication policy threshold for optimization, the file will be optimized again.

Garbage collection

Consist of jobs that process deleted or modified data on the volume so that any data chunks no longer being referenced are cleaned up. This job processes previously deleted or logically overwritten optimized content to create usable volume-free space. When an optimized file is deleted or overwritten by new data, the old data in the chunk store isn't deleted immediately. This can also be scheduled to run or ran manually.

Data Deduplication has built in data integrity features such as

checksum validation and metadata consistency checking

Data Deduplication will try to rebuild corrupted data by using

Backup copies

Mirror Image

New Chunk

Backup copies

Deduplication keeps backup copies of popular chunks (chunks referenced over 100 times) in an area called the hotspot. If the working copy suffers a soft damage such as bit flips or torn writes, deduplication uses its redundant copy.

Mirror image

If using mirrored Storage Spaces, deduplication can use the mirror image of the redundant chunk to serve the I/O and fix the corruption.

New chunk

If a file is processed with a chunk that is corrupted, the corrupted chunk is eliminated, and the new incoming chunk is used to fix the corruption.

Because of the additional validations in deduplication, it may be one of the first system,s to report any early signs of

data corruption in the hardware or file system

Unoptimization does what

undoes deduplication on all the optimized files on the volume.

some jobs for unoptimization

decommissioning a server with volumes enabled for Data Deduplication, troubleshooting issues with deduplicated data, or migration of data to another system that doesn't support Data Deduplication.

what should you do before running unoptimization

Disable-DedupVolume in Windows PowerShell

three main types of data deduplication

source, target (or post-process) deduplication, and in-line (or transit) deduplication

what are optimized files

files that are stored as reparse points, and that contain pointers to a map of the respective chunks in the chunk store that are needed to restore the file when it's requested.

Chunk store

location for the optimized file data

Data deduplication is designed to be applied on

primary data volumes

Data deduplication can be scheduled based on

the type of data that is involved, and the frequency and volume of changes that occur to the volume or particular file types.

Data Deduplication should be considered for the following data types

General file shares, software deployment shares, VHD Libraries, VDI deployments, and Virtualized Backup

General file share are

These include group content publication and sharing, user home folders, and Folder Redirection/Offline Files.

Software deployment share are

These are software binaries, images, and updates.

VHD Libraries are

These are Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) file storage for provisioning to hypervisors.

VDI deployments are

These are Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) deployments using Microsoft Hyper-V.

Virtualized backup is

These include backup applications running as Hyper-V guests and saving backup data to mounted VHDs.

When applied to the correct data, deduplication can save up to

50 to 90 percent of a systems storage

What is an example of a bad file to have data deduplication run on

Files that are often changed and accessed by users or applications

How can you see what saving DeDuplication will give you

by using the Deduplication Evaluation Tool

what savings can you expect to see on User Documents

30 to 50 percent

what savings can you expect to see on Software deployment shares

70 to 80 percent

what savings can you expect to see on Virtualization libraries

80 to 95 percent

what savings can you expect to see on General file shares

50 to 60 percent

ideal candidates for deduplication

Folder redirection servers

Virtualization depot or provisioning library

Software deployment shares

Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Exchange Server backup volumes

Scale-out File Servers (SOFS) Cluster Shared Volumes (CSVs)

Virtualized backup VHDs (for example, Microsoft System Center Data Protection Manager)

Virtualized Desktop Infrastructure VDI VHDs (only personal VDIs)

non ideal candidates for deduplication

Microsoft Hyper-V hosts

Windows Server Update Service (WSUS)

SQL Server and Exchange Server database volumes

Data Deduplication interoperability

Windows BranchCache

You can optimize access to data over the network by enabling this on Windows Server and Windows client operating systems. When this is enabled the system communicates over a wide area network (WAN) with a remote file server that's enabled for Data Deduplication, all the deduplicated files are already indexed and hashed, so requests for data from a branch office are quickly computed. This is similar to preindexing or prehashing.

you shouldn't create a hard quota on a volume root folder enabled for Data Deduplication, instead you should use

A soft quota

Data Deduplication is compatible with

Distributed File System (DFS) Replication

Distributed File System (DFS) replication works by

remote differential compression

you can backup and restore individual files and dull volumes using

Data Deduplication

You can create optimized file-level backups/restores using

Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) writer

Sever Message Block (SMB) is

a network file sharing protocol that allows computers to read and write and request services from server programs on a network

SMB Protocol is located at which layer of the TCP/IP model

Top layer Application

SMB 3.1.1 supports

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 128 Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) encryption and many more

Hyper-V supports storing victual machine data such as config files, checkpoints, and .vhd files on

an SMB 3.0 and later file share

Bandwidth should be at least ““ to file share

1 Gbps

SMB 3.0 allows for storing VM file instead of using

Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) or Fibre Channel storage area network (SAN) devices.

Scale out File Server is

a high availability approach to storing files on a highly available SMB 3.1.1 file share

Why is Scale out File Server particularly useful for VMs

it allows them to store their files including their config files somewhere on the network

SMB Transparent Failover

This feature enables you to perform the hardware or software maintenance of nodes in a clustered file server without interrupting server applications that are storing data on file shares.

SMB Scale Out

By using Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV) version 2, you can create file shares that provide simultaneous access to data files, with direct input/output (I/O), through all the nodes in a file server cluster.

SMB Multichannel

This feature enables you to aggregate network bandwidth and network fault tolerance if multiple paths are available between the SMB 3.0 client and server.

SMB Direct

This feature supports network adapters that have the Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) capability and can perform at full speed with very low data latency and by using very little central processing unit (CPU) processing time.

SMB Encryption

This feature provides the end-to-end encryption of SMB data on untrusted networks, and it helps to protect data from eavesdropping.

Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) for SMB file shares

To take advantage of VSS for SMB file shares, both the SMB client and the SMB server must support SMB 3.0 at a minimum.

SMB Directory Leasing

This feature improves branch office application response times. It also reduces the number of round trips from the client to the server as metadata is retrieved from a longer-living directory cache.

Pre-authentication integrity provides

improved protection from a man-in-the-middle attack that might tamper with the establishment and authentication of SMB connection messages.

Cluster Dialect Fencing provides

support for cluster rolling upgrades for the Scale-Out file Servers feature.

SMB will use the highest version that

the client and server support

ways to create and share files

File Explorer, Admin Center, PowerShell, Server Manager

The permissions a user must use to gain access to a folder are a combination of

share permissions and file permissions