Unit 3 AP Bio Cellular energetics

Atp synthesis

The process by which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced in cells, primarily through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.

Glycolysis (Anaerobic)

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process.

Occurs in the cytoplasm, produces 4 ATP total but nets 2 ATP after accounting for investment. Also generates 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle (Anaerobic)

Occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix, generating 2 ATPs, 6 NADH and 2 FADH. 2 Acetyl-Coa enters the cycle.

ETC and chemiosmosis (Aerobic)

Occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane where the FADH and NADH to transfer electrons past the proton gradient in order to generate ATP. During this stage, ATP synthase turns ADP to ATP by adding another phosphate group. Yields approximately 32 ATP during this stage.

Fermentation

When there are no oxygen, bacteria relies on fermentation to generate 2 ATP.

Cellular Respiration Formula

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+Chemical Energy

What gets oxidized in cellular respiration

Glucose

What gets reduced in cellular respiration

Oxygen

Allosteric Inhibitor

A substance that binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site, inducing a conformational change that reduces the enzyme's activity and hence the rate of the reaction.

Non-competitive inhibitor

A type of enzyme inhibitor that reduces the activity of the enzyme regardless of whether the substrate is bound to the active site. Non-competitive inhibitors bind to an enzyme at a different site than the active site, leading to a conformational change that decreases the enzyme's activity.

Competitive inhibitors

Molecules that are not the substrate that binds to the active site and block substrates from binding. (Ex. Nicotine)

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be neither created or destroyed, but instead is converted into different forms

Second Law of thermodynamics

Every time energy is transfer or changed, the universe’s entropy

increases

Photosynthesis (Photo)

Occurs in the thylakoid region and captures solar energy to make sugars. Light reactions take place in the thylakoid region and takes light photons in and produces sugar molecules and oxygen.

Calvin Cycle (Synthesis, Dark Reaction)

Occurs in the stomata and functions to take in CO2 at night when there are no light sources and takes CO2 and converts them into sugar. Rubisco is the enzyme used in this reaction and ATP is used in this reaction to become ADP.

C3 Plants (3 carbon plants)

Rice, wheat and barley. Represents 3 carbon sugar plants

C4 Plants

Corn and other plants use 4 carbon sugar, but less efficient.

CAM plants

Plants that only open their stomata at night and relies solely on calvin cycle. Plants include cacti, pineapple and more.

Photosynthesis formula

6H2O+6CO2→C6H12O6+6O2