anatomy quizes

Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the *stomach*?

a serving of lean chicken breast

a piece of candy

a serving of pasta

a serving of alcohol

a serving of alcohol

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

in the walls of the tract organs

Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

the esophagus

the oral cavity

the small ingestion 

large intestine

the esophagus

Specific enteroendocrine cells of the stomach, called G cells, are stimulated by partially digested proteins, caffeine, and rising pH. When stimulated, G cells secrete ________.

gastrin

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

digestion

The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to the previous statement. Select the one answer that is NOT true. 

The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________.

occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does NOT reflect a role of stomach acid.

Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it.

Stomach acid denatures proteins making the poly peptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes.

 The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.

Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid.

The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.

is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver?

synthesis of vitamin K

synthesis of bile salts

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

protein metabolism

synthesis of vitamin K

Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones?

lipids

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

liver

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

glycerol

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following is NOT true of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

It should account for body surface area.

It is measured when the subject is reclining and at rest.

It represents the amount of energy the body needs to perform only essential functions.

It is best calculated when the subject is in the absorptive state.

It is best calculated when the subject is in the absorptive state

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR)

thyroxine

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading *to* the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

Urine output will increase.

Net filtration pressure will increase.

Glomerular filtration rate will increase.

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following *except* one. Select the answer below that does NOT describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.

higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary

lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary

increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole

leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium

Leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

nephron loop

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?

a podocyte

a fenestrated capillary

an efferent arteriole

a vasa recta

a vasa recta

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) *via* cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate

increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

the flow of blood is reduced as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole

The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

is drained by an efferent arteriole