BIOL1202- Chapter 50 Crossword

outer ear

one of the three main regions of the ear in reptiles (including birds) and mammals; made up of the auditory canal, and in many birds and mammals, the pinna (2 words)

fovea

the place on the retina at the eye’s center of focus, where cones are highly concentrated

electromagnetic receptor

a receptor of electromagnetic energy, such as visible light, electricity, or magnetism (2 words)

compound eye

a type of multifaced eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia (2 words)

nociceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to noxious or painful stimuli; also called a pain receptor

sarcomere

the fundamental, repeating unit of striated muscle, delimited by Z lines

statolith

in plants, a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may play a role in detecting gravity. in invertebrates, a dense particle that settles in response to gravity and is found in sensory organs that function in equilibrium.

motor unit

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls (2 words)

receptor potential

an initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a change in voltage across the receptor membrane proportional to the stimulus strength (2 words)

organ of corti

the actual hearing organ of the vertebrate ear, located in the floor of the cochlear duct in the inner ear; contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the ear (3 words)

cochlea

the complex, coiled organ of hearing that contains the organ of corti

pain receptor

a sensory receptor that responds to noxious or painful stimuli; also called a nociceptor (2 words)

blue light photoreceptor

a type of light receptor in plants that initiates a variety of responses, such as phototropism and slowing of hypocotyl elongation (3 words)

perception

the interpretation of sensory system input by the brain

sliding filament model

the idea that muscle contraction is based on the movement of thin (actin) filaments along thick (myosin) filaments, shortening the sarcomere, the basic unit of the muscle organization (3 words)

oval window

in the vertebrate ear, a membrane-covered gap in the skull bone, through which sound waves pass from the middle ear to the inner ear (2 words)

sensory receptor

a specialized structure or cell that responds to a stimulus from an animal’s internal or external environment (2 words)

round window

in the mammalian ear, the point of contact where vibrations of the stapes create a traveling series of pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea (2 words)

lateral line system

a mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects. (3 words)

inner ear

one of the three main regions of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea (which in turn contains the organ of corti) and the semicircular canals (2 words)

inner ear

one of the three main regions of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea (which in turn contains the organ of Corti) and the semicircular canals (2 words)

mechanoreceptor

a sensory receptor that detects physical deformation in the body’s environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch, motion, or sound

transverse tubule

an infoldings of the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells (2 words)

taste buds

a collection of the modified epithelial cells on the tongue or in the mouth that are receptors for taste in mammals (2 words)

locomotion

active motion from place to place

peristalsis

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal. a type of movement on land produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from front to back, as in many annelids

odorant

a molecule that can be detected by sensory receptors of the olfactory system

sensory reception

the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells (2 words)

fast twitch fiber

a muscle fiber used for rapid, powerful contractions (3 words)

troponin complex

the regulatory proteins that control the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament (2 words)

eustachian tube

the tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx (2 words)

ommatidium

one of the facets of the compound eye of arthropods and some polychaete worms

gustation

the sense of taste

tympanic membrane

another name for the eardrum, the membrane between the outer and middle ear (2 words)

retina

the innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons; transmits the image formed by the lens to the brain via the optic nerve

cone

a ___-shaped cell in the retina of the vertebrate eye, sensitive to color

photoreceptor

an electromagnetic receptor that detects the radiation known as visible light

hair cell

a mechanosensory cell that alters output to the nervous system when hairlike projections on the cell surface are displaced (2 words)

statocyst

a type of mechanoreceptor that functions in equilibrium in invertebrates by use of statoliths, which stimulate hair cells in relation to gravity

hydrostatic skeleton

a skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids (2 words)

skeletal muscle

a type of striated muscle that is generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body (2 words)

sensory adaptation

the tendency of sensory neurons to become less sensitive when they are stimulated repeatedly (2 words)

tropomyosin

the regulatory protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on the actin molecules

thermoreceptor

a receptor stimulated by either heat or cold

thin filament

a filament consisting of two strands of actin and two strands of regulatory protein coiled around one another; a component of myofibrils in muscle fibers (2 words)

semicircular canals

a three-part chamber of the inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium (2 words)

chitin

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

tetanus

the maximal, sustained contraction of a skeletal muscle, caused by a very high frequency of action potentials elicited by continual stimulation

slow twitch fiber

a muscle fiber that can sustain long contractions (3 words)

endoskeleton

a hard skeleton buried within the soft tissues of an animal

retinal

the light- absorbing pigment in rods and cones of the vertebrate eye

rhodopsin

a visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin. upon absorbing light, the retinal changes shape and dissociates from the opsin

cardiac muscle

a type of striated muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart. its cells are joined by intercalated disks that relay the electrical signals underlying each heartbeat

myoglobin

an oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells

chemoreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to a chemical stimulus, such as a solute or an odorant

myofibril

a longitudinal bundle in a muscle cell (fiber) that contains thin filaments of actin and regulatory proteins and thick filaments of myosin

middle ear

one of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; in mammals, a chamber containing three small bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window. (2 words)

spermatogonium

a cell that divides mitotically to form spermatocytes

opsin

a membrane protein bound to a light-absorbing pigment molecule

olfaction

the sense of smell

iris

the colored part of the vertebrate eye, formed by the anterior portion of the choroid

thick filament

a filament composed of staggered arrays of myosin molecules; a component of myofibrils in muscle fibers (2 words)

exoskeletons

a hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles

smooth muscle

a type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments int he cells; responsible for involuntary body activities (2 words)

pupil

the opening of the iris, which admits light into the interior of the vertebrate eye. muscles in the iris regulate its size

tastant

any chemical that stimulates the sensory receptors in a taste bud

lens

the structure in an eye that focuses light rays onto the photoreceptors

single lens eye

the camera-like eye found in some jellies, polychaete worms, spiders, and many molluscs (3 words)

sarcoplasmic reticulum

a specialized endoplasmic reticulum that regulates the calcium concentration in the cytosol of muscle cells (2 words)

sensory transduction

the conversion of a stimulus energy to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor cell (2 words)