Mr. Dral Final Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Age of Exploration, Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, and World Wars I and II.

Renaissance

A rebirth of art and learning inspired by the classic heritage of Greece and Rome, fueled by the wealth of Italian city-states.

Renaissance Man

A person skilled in many different fields, such as Leonardo da Vinci who excelled in art, science, and engineering.

Humanism

A movement focused on the physical world and individual worth, believing education should stimulate creativity and public service while focusing on Greek and Roman writings.

Machiavelli's "The Prince"

A work arguing that a successful ruler must be realistic, strategic, and sometimes ruthless to maintain power and protect the state.

Indulgences

Ways to get a soul into heaven faster; Martin Luther opposed them because he believed only God could decide who enters heaven and they were unfair to the poor.

Protestant Reformation

A movement to purify the church and give everyone access to the Bible, triggered by corruption in the Catholic Church.

King Henry VIII

The King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation to create the Church of England.

Printing Press

An invention that made books cheaper and more accessible, which increased literacy and education for average people.

Luther's Main Belief

The idea that people are saved by faith in God alone, rather than by good works or indulgences.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, food, and ideas between the Americas (New World) and Afro-Eurasia (Old World).

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands to avoid conflict.

Divine Right

The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acts as God's representative on earth.

King Louis XIV

The French absolute monarch known for the statement, "I am the state."

Heliocentric Theory

The discovery made by Galileo providing evidence that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun.

Enlightenment Goals

To use reason to improve society and protect the natural rights and freedoms of people.

Montesquieu

An Enlightenment thinker who believed in the separation of government power into three branches.

Bastille Day

The event where Paris citizens stormed the Bastille prison, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

Estates-General

A meeting called to solve the financial crisis in France and discuss revising taxes.

Reign of Terror

A phase of the French Revolution where 40,000 people, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, were executed as suspected traitors.

Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas who usually led Latin American revolutions.

Mestizos

In the context of Latin American Revolutions, a person of mixed European and Indian race.

Industrial Revolution

The process of developing machine production of goods, which began in the textile industry.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European countries divided Africa among themselves without any African input.

Powder Keg of Europe

A nickname for the Balkans, where Serbians controlled by Austrians or Ottomans wanted to be free.

4 MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

A plan to end secret treaties, ensure freedom of the seas, treat Germany fairly, and establish the League of Nations.

Trench Warfare

A style of fighting where soldiers fought from long, narrow ditches.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty ending WWI that punished Germany with heavy reparations, loss of land, and military restrictions, leading to national humiliation.

Fascism

A political movement that rose in Germany and other places due to the worldwide problems caused by the Great Depression.

Axis Powers

The World War II alliance consisting of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Allied Powers

The World War II alliance consisting of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union.

End of World War 2

Marked by Japan's surrender after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.