Brain, Mind, and Behavior: Exam 1 Diagram

Neuron

receive, integrate, and transmit processed information electrically and chemically; regulate sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, 80-90 billion in humans

dendrite

primary input structure, recieve information from other cells

cell body/soma

nucleus

Myelin sheath

node of ranvier

axon

usually, but not always, insulated with myelin

axon terminals

the primary output structure(s), release neurotransmitter sending signals to other cells

axon hillock

where the action potential is initiated

Synapse

Information is transmitted from neuron to neuron here

Information flow in a neuron

dendrite -> soma (cell body) -> axon hillock -> axon -> axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released (connects to another neuron and repeats process)

Presynaptic neuron

neuron sending info

postsynaptic neuron

receiving info

what is 1

mitochondria

what is 2

synaptic vesicle full of neurotransmitter

what is 4

synaptic cleft

what is 5

neurotransmitter receptor

what is 7

fused vesicle releasing neurotransmitter

how do neurons communicate

they propagate current in one direction and communication between neurons is electrochemical

electrical signal

sent down the axon

chemical signal

when the electrical signal releases chemicals (neurotransmitters) from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane

classifying neurons

structure, shape, size, function (motor, sensory, etc.), connections, gene expression

shape classification of neurons

multipolar, bipolar, monopolar, interneurons

Multipolar neurons

one axon, many dendrites, most common

bipolar neurons

one axon, one dendrite

monopolar/unipolar neurons

a single body extention, branching in two directions: dendrites and axon

interneurons

cell body and dendrites like multipolar, but only a very very short axon or none at all

Classification of Motor neurons

axon terminals terminate at muscle or glands

Classification of Sensory neurons

receive signals from receptor cells (skin cells, olfactory, gut receptors, etc.)

Classification of interneurons

receive input and send input to other neurons, they only form connections with other neurons

Types of glial cells

astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Function of Glial cells

support neuronal activity

Myelin producers

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Myelination

the process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath of myelin to insulate and speed conduction

Oliodendrocytes

produce myelin in CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS (neurons outside the brain and spinal cord)

Nodes of ranvier

gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed

Gray matter

unmylinated parts of neurons/glia

White matter

myelinated parts of neruons/glia

Microglia

resident immune cells that help with synaptic pruning, clearing dead neurons and interact with multiple CNS cell types in health and disease by removing and destroying a virus

Astrocytes

regulate synapse formation, elimination, and function determining if a synapse is inactive and if so it might prune it, builds the blood brain barrier (endfeed that ensheath vasculature), metabolic support regulating circuit function, connections with nodes of ranvier, interact with other glia

Neural threesome

astrocytes wrap around synapses of neurons and take up transmitters released by the neurons as well as release neurotransmitters of their own enhancing or inhibiting synaptic activity

the nervous system

CNS, PNS - somatic, autonomic - sympathetic, parasympathetic

Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

everything else, somatic and autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

nerves that interconnect CNS and major muscles and sensory systmes of the body (cranial nerves + spinal nerves)

Autonomic nervous system

primarily controls glands and internal organs (sympathetic + parasympathetic)

Cranial nerves

12 pairs

Olfactory

sensory + smell

Optic

sensory + vision

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

motor + eye movement

trigeminal

BOTH + sensory: face, sinuses, teeth ; motor: jaw muscles

facial

BOTH + sensory: tongue, soft palate ; motor: facial muscles, salivary glandes, tear glandes

vestibulochlear

sensory + inner ear: hearing and balance

glossopharyngeal

BOTH + sensory: taste and other mouth sensations ; motor: throat muscles

vagus

BOTH + sensory: information from internal organs ; motor: internal organs

spinal accessory

motor + neck muscles

hypoglossal

motor + tongue muscles

Spinal nerves

connected to the spinal cord, communicating with the body via the spinal nerves (PNS); 31 pairs; exits the cord through notches between each vertebrate; each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord via two branches

Dorsal

carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord

ventral

carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles

autonomic nervous system

primarily controls glands and internal organs

parasympathetic

rest + digest, exists brain at base of spinal cord, slower heart rate, stimulates digestion, constricts airways, stimulates salivation, releases acetylcholine

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight, exits middle of spinal cord, increasted heart rate and blood pressure, relaxes airways (more o2), stimulates glucose production, inhibits salivation, digestion, releases norepinephrine

Dorsal

towards the back/top

medial

towards the middle

lateral

towards the sides

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

superior

above

inferior

below

Basal

towards the bottom

Anterior/Rostal

head end

Posterior/caudal

tail end

proximal

near the center, close

distal

towards the periphery, far

ventral

towards the belly, bottom

Horizontal plane

cut laterally

Sagittal plane

cut down the center line

Coronal plane

slicing your face

cerebral cortex

outermost layer of the brain, different regions control specific functions

gyri

ridges

sulci

valleys

corpus callosum

bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

ventricular system

a series of chambers filled with CSF that brings nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and takes waste away from the brain

what is 1

Spinal Canal

what is 2

fourth ventricle

what is 3

cerebral aqueduct

what is 4

third ventricle

what is 5

lateral ventricle

what is 1

temporal lobe

what is 2

frontal lobe

what is 3

parietal lobe

what is 4

occipital lobe

frontal lobe

primary motor cortex, complex cognitive processes: language, execuative function, attention, memory, impulsivity, planning, inhabition to obtain goals and rewards

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex, learning + memory

parietal lobe

primary somatic sensory areas (touch, temperature, limb position, pain)

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex, other visual areas

motor cortex

movement of specific body parts is regulated by distinct regions in this and the somatosensory cortex

central sulcus

what primary motor and sensory cortices are speperated by