ch 2 -chem (bio exam)

element

susbstance cant be separated into simpler sub by chemical means

Element = ONE type

atom

smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

atom= SMALLEST UNIT ELEMENT

molecule

2 or more atoms COVALENTLY bonded tg

Molecule = atoms together

isotope

atoms of same element/same protons w different neutrons

ISO=SAME element, different neutrons

macromolecule

large biological molecule.

MACRO = BIG

polymer

large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.

POLY = MANY

monomer

smaller building block that can be joined to form a polymer.

mono=one

hydrophilic

"Water-loving"

HEAD

hydrophobic

“Water-fearing"

TAIL

acid

donate proton/accept e-pair

-release H+

ACID = H⁺

base

proton acceptor, donate e-

releases OH-

BASE = less H⁺

6 major elements on table

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

-CHONPS

8 types bonds

1. ionic bonds

2. covalent bonds

3. single covalent bond

4. double covalent bond

5. triple covalent bond

6. non polar covalent bond

7. polar covalent bond

8. hydrogen bond

ionic bond

cations/anions bound by electrostatic forces

ionic= SALTS

covalent bonds

e- shared btw atoms of 2/more diff elements

“molecular comp”

“ELECTRONEGATIVITY” =attraction of e- HONC

single covalent bond

one pair e- shared

double covalent bond

2 pairs of e- shared

triple covalent bond

3 pairs of e- shared

non polar covalent bond

2 atoms of same element have EQUAL attraction

polar covalent bond

sharing of e- uneven

-H20

hydrogen bond

polar molec

-partially positive/negative atom

solubility

solute+solvent= soln

universal solvent= H2O

pH scale

acidic=<7

neutral=7

basic=>7

6 properties of water

1. high heat capacity: slow in increase/decrease temp

2. high heat vaporization:water molec energized by heat evap take heat w them, cool body

3. solvent properties:

4. polar: philic/phobic

5. cohesive: water molec CONNECT thru H BONDS

6. adhesion: attraction to OTHER molec

carbohydrate

sugar “sacc/ose”

CHO

monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharide: sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharide: cellulose (plant structure), starch (plant storage), glycogen (animal storage)

lipid

fats/oils / hydrophobic

1.triglycerides: 1 glyceral + 3 fatty acids

2.phospholipids: lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; major component of cell membranes.

-form BILAYER

3.steroids: 4 C rings

-hormones, cholesterol, bile salts, hormones

nucleic acid

stores genetic info/DNA made by nucleotides

protein

made of amino acids

PROTEINS = CELL WORKERS