oxygen delivery systems

room air

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, small part CO2

indications for oxygen/ventilatory support

hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, airway protection, sedation/anesthesia, metabolic derangement, altered RR or pattern, cardiopulm conditions, cardiac arrest or resp distress

nasal cannula

1-6 L/min oxygen, each liter = inc 4% FiO2 (1 L is 24%)
humidified recommended for 4+ L due to risk of mucosal dryness and irritation

high flow nasal cannula

pts requiring more oxygen than standard cannula, FiO2 and supply can be independently adjusted to needs
heated and humidified circuit due to high oxygen conc
allows pts to get taken off vents sooner

face mask

higher oxygen needs or mouth breathers, up to 10 L/min, 35-50% FiO2
harder to talk/eat

partial/nonrebreather face mask

reservoir bag maintains higher FiO2 supplementation, for acute desaturation or need for conservation of oxygen supply
partial: 10-15 L/min @ 35-50% FiO2, two way valves for exchange
nonrebreather: 10-15 L/min @ 60-80% FiO2, one way valve

venturi mask

precise FiO2 based on size/color of the applied adapter, can be adapted to different masks or collars which allows for mobility

CPAP

continuous pressure during entire breathing cycle, for obstructive sleep apnea

BiPAP

two different levels of pressure for inspiratory and expiratory, for pts who cannot tolerate CPAP or have more complex resp conditions

invasive vent support

mechanical ventilation provides external resp support through natural or artificial airway
for acute/chronic resp failure, airway protection/obstruction, excessive lung secretions or injury
administered via endotracheal tube or tracheostomy

RASS scale and PT

best from 1 to -2 (restless to light sedation)

tracheostomy

stoma creation between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
indicated for airway protection, prolonged vent support, head and neck surgery

tracheostomy complications

displacement or misplacement, hemorrhage, pneumothorax or hemothorax, infection, tracheoesophageal fistula