Biology 8.1-8.2: Cell Structure and Function

demonstrate how microscopes work, and how to make a slide

- magnifies an object on a slide allowing to see close up and even individual cells

- sample must be on a dry slide and the microscope light must not be covered

how to convert mm to micrometers

multiply by 1000

explain the main point of cell theory

- all living things are made out of cells

- new cells are made from existing cells

- cells are the basic unit of existing things

compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic: has a nucleus and mitochondria

prokaryotic: no nucleus and mitochondria but has a cell wall

how do organelles build proteins?

they used the ribosomes to join amino acids and make polypeptide chains (protein synthesis)

how to organelles store energy?

the chloroplasts captures energy from the sun and uses to produce food in plant cells

how do organelles clean up bacteria?

they use lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes so they clear up the bacteria by eating it

how do organelles capture and release energy?

they go through a process called cellular respiration (burning glucose to release ATP)

describe the structure and function of the cell membrane

structure: like an inside wall and security

function: controls what comes in and out of a cell, found in both animal and plant cells

explain how organisms are structured to carry out different functions

VOCABULARY

abiogenesis/spontaneous generation

The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions

- possible explanation of how the earth formed

cell

basic unit of all forms of life

cell (plasma) membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus, nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus

- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

- control center of cell

• nucleolus produces ribosomes

centrosomes/centrioles

- cell organelle that aids in cell division

- found in animal cells only

- paired structures near nucleus

- made of bundle of microtubules

- help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

eukaryote

a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (more complex)

animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplasts and a small vacuole

plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole

prokaryote

a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

cytoplasm

jelly-like fluid inside cell when organelles are found

organelle

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

a cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

golgi apparatus

receives proteins and materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them

vacuole

stores materials such as water, proteins, carbs and wastes

vesicle

a small membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell

lysosome

- breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

cytoskeleton: microfilaments, microtubules

network of protein filaments (fibers) in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organisation and is involved in movement

chloroplast

captures the energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis

mitochondrion

- powerhouse of the cell

- site of ATP production- cellular respiration -> needed for cell to function

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

cell wall

- ridged outer layer of a plant cell

- where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled

phospholipid bilayer

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells- found in prokaryotic cells and plant cells

hydrophobic

does not like water/doesn't mix

hydrophilic

combines well with water

cilia/flagella

• moves small particles across cell surface

• cilia has shorter and more cells while flagella has longer and fewer cells

chromatin

tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain the instructions for directing the cell's functions