Radiation Health Physics Exam #1 - UNMC Senior Fall Semester

What term describes the conduct, aims, and qualities that characterize a profession or professional person?

Professionalism

According to the ASRT, what professional characteristic involves using careful decision-making when administering ionizing radiation to produce diagnostic images?

Prudent judgment

According to the ASRT, graduates should focus on providing ______ in an evolving and diverse society?

Optimal patient care

What ability allows professionals to function effectively in a changing healthcare environment with others?

Collaborative ability

What skill involves researching and evaluating information for use in evidence-based practice?

Research and evaluation

What should professionals protect regarding patient medical information?

Security and confidentiality

What skills should professionals possess to continue learning throughout their careers?

Lifelong learning skills

Professionals should be willing to promote _______ with others in the community within the medical imaging sciences?

Standards of excellence

Professionals should be willing to contribute _______ skills for radiologic science students?

Education and clinical skills

What organization is the world's largest organization offering credentials in medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy?

ARRT

What is the main mission of the ARRT regarding patient care?

To promote high standards

How does the ARRT recognize qualified individuals?

Through credentials

ARRT adopts and uphold ____ standards preparation when entering the profession?

educational

The ARRT adopts and upholds ______ standards regarding expected conduct in professional practice?

Professional behavior

The ARRT develops and administers ____ to assess professional knowledge and skills?

Examinations

What ARRT governing document serves as a guide but is not enforceable?

Code of Ethics

What ARRT governing document is enforceable?

Rules of Ethics

What does ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

What is the ASRT mission regarding the medical imaging and radiation therapy profession?

Advance and elevate the professions

What does the ASRT mission seek to enhance for patients?

Quality and safe patient care

The ASRT vision describes itself as becoming ______ for the medical imaging and radiation therapy community?

Premier professional association

Through what four areas does the ASRT vision aim to serve the profession?

Education, advocacy, research, innovation

What is the Nebraska Affiliate of the ASRT?

NSRT

What does NSRT stand for?

Nebraska Society of Radiologic Technologists

What does the NSRT aim to be within Nebraska regarding Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging Sciences?

Leading advocate and expert for the advancement and practice standards

What benefit does NSRT provide members by strengthening their collective representation?

A voice to protect and advance their practice rights

What NSRT benefit includes in-person and online opportunities and emphasizes that networking is powerful?

Networking benefit

What NSRT benefit includes multiple high-quality opportunities related to continuing education and CQR?

Education benefit

What NSRT benefit connects members with jobs, schools, and information?

Support benefit

What NSRT benefit involves volunteer and outreach efforts within communities?

Community benefit

What does NSRT employ to help monitor infringements upon licensure?

A lobbyist

What NSRT benefit refers to being respected by state medical groups, ASRT, and other state affiliates?

Credibility benefit

What does AAMD stand for?

Association of Medical Dosimetrists

What does ABII stand for?

American Board of Imaging Informatics

What certification is associated with ABII in the notes?

CIPP

What type of professional license is listed for Nebraska radiography practice?

Medical Radiographer

Under whose direction may a Nebraska Medical Radiographer practice medical radiography?

Licensed practitioner

What type of procedures are excluded from the Medical Radiographer scope listed in the notes?

Interpretative fluoroscopic procedures

What minimum age must a person be to apply for a Nebraska license according to the notes?

19 years old

What two documents are listed as proof of identity when applying for licensure?

Passport or birth certificate

What document is listed as proof of education?

ARRT card copy

What document is listed as proof of examination?

ARRT card copy

What information besides identification and proof of education/examination is required for licensure?

Conviction information

What financial requirement is listed when applying for a license?

Fee

Why is continuing education important according to the notes regarding patient expectations?

Quality and accountability

Why should medical professionals routinely assess their knowledge and skills?

To meet changing standards

How many CE credits must be obtained every two years?

24 credits

CQR involves ____ requirments in relation to maintaining credentials?

Long-term

Approximately how often does the CQR process take place during credentialing?

Every 7-10 years

What does CQR help professionals assess and improve?

Knowledge and patient care

What can CQR help professionals refresh if they do not currently practice in certain areas?

Their understanding and knowledge of clinical procedures they might not perform often

What happes when a misplaced shielding obscures normal anatomy and causes a repeat image?

Dose increases

Poorly placed lead shielding can affect what exposure control system?

AEC

According to the Nebraska regulation in the notes, what minimum lead equivalence is required for gonad shielding when applicable?

0.5 mm lead equivalent

When is gonad shielding required under the Nebraska regulation described in the notes?

When gonads are in beam

When may gonad shielding be omitted according to the Nebraska regulation?

If it interferes diagnostically

During automatic rescaling, what are brightness values assigned?

Algebraic labels

What defines the range of grays for the final image?

Pre-set LUT

What process matches the Q range to the S range?

Re-mapping

During re-mapping, what is SMIN always remapped to?

QMIN

During re-mapping, what is SMAX always remapped to?

QMAX

What does automatic rescaling help create among images of the same anatomical region?

Uniform brightness

What type of radiation can damage healthy cells wherever it enters the body?

Ionizing radiation

What radiation effects are limited to the exposed individual?

Somatic effects

What effects involve inheritable changes or mutations that may affect future generations?

Genetic/hereditary effects

Are genetic effects described as additive or reversible in the notes?

Additive and irreversible

What type of radiation effect occurs by chance and generally has no threshold dose?

Stochastic effect

For stochastic effects, what is proportional to radiation dose?

Probability

For stochastic effects, what is independent of radiation dose?

Severity

What two major effects are listed as the main stochastic effects?

Cancer and genetic effects

What type of effect has a threshold and severity that varies with dose?

Non-stochastic effect

What is another name for a non-stochastic effect?

Deterministic effect

What radiation-induced condition is listed as an example of a non-stochastic effect?

Cataract formation

What type of cells can experience mutations that MAY affect future generations?

Germ cells

According to the 2006 BEIR Report in the notes, has hereditary risk been detected in humans?

Not detected

What percentage of the survivors in irradaited populations received less than 100 mSv?

65%

A dosage of 100mSv is equivalent to approximately how many times the average yearly background radiation exposure from all sources?

40 times

What is the average yearly worldwide background radiation exposure from all sources?

2.4 mSv

At approximately what dose range were excess cancers observed in Japanese atomic bomb survivors?

100-4,000 mSv

As radiation exposure increased among the survivors described, what happened to solid cancer occurrence?

It increased

According to the notes, how much radiation does the average person receive yearly from all sources?

6.2 mSv

Approximately what portion of the average person's yearly radiation exposure comes from medical procedures?

About half

What is the approximate radiation dose from one chest x-ray listed in the notes?

0.1 mSv

One chest x-ray is compared to radiation exposure from doing what type of travel?

Flying coast to coast

What term describes the reduction in the number of primary photons in the x-ray beam through absorption and scatter?

Attenuation

What two processes contribute to attenuation?

Absorption and scatter

High density bone ____ the photons that try to pass through its strucutre

attenuates

What image appearance results from highly attenuating structures such as bone?

Light areas

What happens to most photons in areas with little attenuation, such as air-filled cavities?

They reach the IR

What image appearance results when many photons reach the image receptor?

Dark areas

Which interaction is listed as not important in any energy range?

Coherent scatter

Which interaction is associated with diagnostic radiology?

Photoelectric absorption

Which interaction is associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology?

Compton scattering

During the photoelectric effect, what happens to the x-ray photon?

Completely absorbed

What type of electron does the incident photon interact with during the photoelectric effect?

Inner-shell electron

What must part of the incident photon's energy do first?

Free the electron

What is the freed electron called after being set in motion?

Photoelectron

How is the photoelectric effect described because no photon energy remains as scatter?

All-or-nothing

What interaction has no secondary or scatter x-rays left over?

Photoelectric effect

What interaction never penetrates out of the body and never reaches the IR?

Photoelectric effect