KSPT Clin Med I Unit I Physio

chemical

level of organization that is a combination of elements

cellular

level of organization where chemical components are organized in self sustaining manner

tissue

level of organization where groups of cells work together for a shared purpose

organ

level of organization where >2 tissues are organized for specific function

body system

level of organization with groups of organs interact for common purpose

organism

level of organization that is a manifestation of interaction of body systems

negative feedback

a change in a homeostatic controlled factor is resisted

positive feedback

change is encouraged to continue to change

microtubules

largest component of cytoskeleton (long slender tubes) that allow for asymmetrical shape and maintain patency of cell

microtubules

what cytoskeleton component allows RBCs to morph shape to travel through vessels

microfilaments

smallest component of cytoskeleton that enhance cell structure and possess contractile mechanisms

microfilaments

actin and myosin are __________

intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton component that offers stability and resistance to externally applied stress

intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton component that protects against sheer stress

cytoplasm

what is everything within the cell besides its nucleus

cytosol

liquid portion of the cell

synthesize protein and lipids

main role of the endoplasmic reticulum

vesicles

new proteins from the RER are stored in the SER form ___________ and are pinched off for transport

golgi

organelle with flattened membrane sacs with cisternae

golgi

what organelle processes raw materials into finished products and then sorts and releases them

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

three processes of endocytosis

pinocytosis

cell drinking; clean up through oxidative enzymes

lysosomes

organelle sacs with hydrolytic enzymes for recycling

phagocytosis

cell eating for large molecules in specialized cells

phagocytosis

what endocytosis process forms pseudopods to engulf particles

receptor-mediated endocytosis

which endocytosis process is highly selective of large molecules and requires specific membrane receptors

mitochondria

responsible for 90% of bodily energy supply

-philic

the single phosphate head in a phospholipid is hydro______

-phobic

the two fatty acid tails in a phospholipid are hydro______

cholestoral

what membrane component increases stability of membrane while allowing pliability

channel

what type of membrane protein allows for water soluble, small particles, and is highly selective

carrier molecules

what type of membrane protein allows for transfer of specific substances to pass independently

docking marker

what type of membrane protein docks and locks secretory vesicles

membrane bound enzymes

membrane proteins that control specific chemical activities on inner or outer wall

markers

membrane carbohydrates serve as _________ to allow cells to recognize each other's turf

collagen, elastin, and fibronectin

what are the three major proteins in the ECM

collagen

consists of cable like fibers and is resistant to longitudinal stress

elastin

protein that allows for elongation but recoils

fibronectin

connector proteins/ CAMS

desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions

what are the three types of cell junctions

desmosomes

junctions in areas subjected to stress (skin) and hold together similar to spot rivets

tight junctions

junction between neighboring cells, block passage between cells

gap junctions

junction that allows for free passage and rapid communication

energy

passive transport requires no ________ for diffusion

increases

increased magnitude of concentration gradient ____________ diffusion

decreases

decreased permeability to substances _____________ diffusion

increases

increased surface area ________ diffusion

decreases

increased diffusion distance ________ diffusion

osmotic pressure

pull of water in

hydrostatic pressure

push of water out

Krabbe disease

disease where cells are unable to deal with lipid debri

emphysema

condition caused by destruction of elastin

Ehlers-Danlos syndrom

collegan disease resulting in hyper flexible skin and joints

ATP, creatine phosphate, and adenylate kinase

three immediate sources of energy

cytoplasm

immediate sources of energy are located in the ______________ to be easily accessed

glucose

intermediate sources of energy rely on _______

glycogen (stored glucose)

since blood concentration of glucose is typically low, most intermediate sourcing uses ________

mitochondria

oxidative sources are metabolized in the ____________________ in the cell

fat, CHO, and amino acids

sources of oxidative metabolism include

intensity

the energy source is predominantly dictated by ____________, not duration

6, 3

glycolysis is the breakdown of _ carbon chain into 2 _ carbon chains

lactate and 2 ATP

a faster rate of glycolysis will result in production of

pyruvate

a slower rate of glycolysis will result in production of

NAD

at low rates of glycolysis, ______ escorts H+ to mitochondria

acetyl CoA

what compound is necessary to enter mitochondria

hormone sensitive lipase

the breakdown of lipids at storage site in a free fatty side is stimulated by

insulin or high glucose level

HSL is inhibited by

epi or norepi when glucose levels are low

HSL is stimulated by

albumin

what transporter is used to move the free fatty acid through blood

fatty acid binding protein

specific receptors on sarcolemma that bring free fatty acid into the muscle cell

beta oxidation

process of breaking off 2-C units from FFA for further metab in Krebs/TCA cycle

carnitine

fatty acid is "energized" by ____________ to translocate into the mitochondria

re-phosphorylate ADP to ATP

main role of creatine phosphate

adenylate kinase

phosphotransferase enzyme

cytoplasm

glycolysis occurs in the

production of ATP and NADH in mitochondria

purpose of Krebs/ TCA

ATP

fat metabolism requires 2 ____ to into mitochondria to increase energy level

must be done aerobically

limitation of lipid/fat metabolism

pyruvate

___________ is lost if lactate is produced

neurological

body system with quick action, short lasting changes

endocrine

body system with slower action, longer lasting changes

lipophilic/hydrophobic

hormones that are ____________ easily penetrate the SPPLBL

lipophobic/hydrophilic

________________ hormones act through a 2nd messenger to alter activity of existing proteins within a cell

lipophilic/hydrophobic

_____________ hormones bind directly with target cell nucleus and affect production of new proteins

posterior

___________ pituitary does not produce hormones but stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus

vasopressin and oxytocin

two hormones released/stored in posterior pituitary

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

anterior pituitary is connected to hypothalamus through __________________ ____________ _______________ __________

T4

majority of thyroid hormone produced from colloid is ___. due to its high affinity with thyroglobulin

thyroglobulin

follicular cells are contain colloid, which is primary composed of

T3

___ is more potent and biologically active

thyroid hormone

primary regulator of BMR

cortex

the adrenal ________ produces steroid

medulla

the adrenal ________ stores steroids

aldosterone

promotes retention of Na+ and therefore the retention of H2O

cortisol

increase blood glucose, anti-inflammatory when used at high doses and immunosuppressive

direct release of chemical messenger into the blood stream

adrenal medulla is modified post ganglionic neuron in that

excitatory

alpha and beta 1

inhibitory

alpha and beta 2

sympathetic nervous system

trigger of ____ will activate adrenal medulla

parasympathetic

no _________________ nervous system of adrenal medulla