CHAPTER 2 - ARTICLES, NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS

1163

ARTICLE ___: DUTY TO PRESERVE THE THING

"Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care." 

1164

ARTICLE ___ : RIGHT TO THE FRUITS

"The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been delivered to him." 

1165

ARTICLE : REMEDIES OF CREDITOR IN REAL OBLIGATION 

"When what is to be delivered is a determinate thing, the creditor, in addition to the right granted him by Article 1170, may compel the debtor to make the delivery. 

If the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor. 

If the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest, he shall be responsible for fortuitous event until he has effected the delivery." 

1166

ARTICLE : ACCESSIONS AND ACCESSORIES 

"The obligation to give a determinate thing includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though they may not have been mentioned." 

1167

ARTICLE : REMEDIES IN POSITIVE PERSONAL OBLIGATION 

"If a person obliged to do something fails to do it, the same shall be executed at his cost. 

This same rule shall be observed if he does it in contravention of the tenor of the obligation. Furthermore, it may be decreed that what has been poorly done be undone.

1168

ARTICLE : REMEDIES IN NEGATIVE PERSONAL OBLIGATION 

"When the obligation consists in not doing, and the obligor does what has been forbidden him, it shall also be undone at his expense." 

1169

ARTICLE : DELAY OR DEFAULT 

"Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation. 

However, the demand by the creditor shall not be necessary in order that delay may exist:

1170

ARTICLE : GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY 

"Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay and those who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for damages." 

1171

ARTICLE : WAIVER OF ACTION FOR FRAUD 

"Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an action for future fraud is void." 

1172

ARTICLE : WAIVER OF ACTION FOR NEGLIGENCE 

"Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of every kind of obligation is also demandable, but such liability may be regulated by the courts, according to the circumstances." 

1173

ARTICLE : DILIGENCE REQUIRED 

"The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time and of the place. When negligence shows bad faith, the provisions of Articles 1171 and 2201, paragraph 2, shall apply. 

If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is expected of a good father of a family shall be required."

1174

ARTICLE : FORTUITOUS EVENT 

"Except in cases expressly specified by the law, or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen, or which though foreseen, were inevitable." 

1175

ARTICLE

"Usurious transactions shall be governed by special laws." 

1176

ARTICLE : PRESUMPTIONS REGARDING PAYMENT 

"The receipt of the principal by the creditor, without reservation with respect to the interest, shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid. 

The receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservation as to prior installments, shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid." 

1177

ARTICLE : REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO CREDITORS 

"The creditors, after having pursued the property in possession of the debtor to satisfy their claims, may exercise all the rights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose, save those which are inherent in his person; they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them." 

1178

ARTICLE : TRANSMISSIBILITY OF RIGHTS 

"Subject to the laws, all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible, if there has been no stipulation to the contrary."