Cell Biology, Photosynthesis, and General Chemistry Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes related to cell biology, photosynthesis, and general chemistry.

Chloroplast

The membranous organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis.

Plasmodesmata

Structures in plants that function as intercommunicating passageways between adjacent cells.

Prokaryotic

Cells that lack compartmentalization and have a single circular chromosome.

Active transport

Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient with the input of potential energy.

Amyloplast

Plastid in plants that functions to store starch.

Tight junctions

Intercellular junctions that prevent fluid leakage between cells.

Ribosome

Non-membranous organelle that functions to produce protein from mRNA.

Phospholipids

Lipids that form a bilayer in almost all membranes.

Kinesin

Motor protein involved in neurotransmitter secretion.

Keratin family proteins

Proteins that compose intermediate filaments.

Peroxisome

Organelle containing oxidative enzymes that protect from toxic substances.

Flagella

Cell structures that propel sperm cells.

Phagocytosis

The process where white blood cells engulf bacteria.

Ligand-gated ion channel

Receptor type that leads to a change in ion distribution across a membrane.

Protein kinase

Enzyme that activates other proteins by adding a phosphate group.

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Cell membrane structure important for tissue or self-identification.

Gap junctions

Cell-to-cell connections that allow animal cells to communicate.

Golgi body

Organelle that packages and modifies proteins for export.

Centrosome

Non-membranous organelle that controls cell movements and is composed of microtubule triplets.

Desmosomes

Cell-to-cell connection composed of plaques and cadherins that strengthens the cell connection.

Kilocalorie

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration.

Water

Source of oxygen released in photosynthesis.

Oxidation and reduction reactions

Gain or loss of electrons in chemical processes.

Cytosol

Enzymes that catalyze the reactions of glycolysis, found in the cell.

Thylakoids

Flattened membranous sacs in chloroplast, containing proteins and chlorophyll.

Dehydrogenase

Enzyme that removes hydrogen atoms and reduces NAD+ compounds.

ATP and NADPH

Products of light reactions used in the Calvin cycle.

Carbon fixation

First step of the Calvin cycle.

Rubisco

Enzyme that catalyzes that Carbon fixation step.

Zinc

Essential trace element in carboxypeptidase active site.

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Dark reactions

Light independent reactions

Heterotrophs

Organisms that consume others for sustenance.

Photons

Units of light energy

Competitive inhibitors

Compounds that bind to the active site interfering with the substrate

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Final electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions

phosphoenolpyruvate

Intermediate of glycolysis that is also important in storing CO2 in the C4 photosynthetic pathway of plants

sucrose

Carbohydrates are transported as

substrate phosphorylation

Type of phosphorylation where a phosphate group is simply transferred from one compound to another

ATP synthease

Protein complex that allows chemiosmosis to occur

Covalent

Chemical bonds that is the strongest and will not dissociate in water

Cellulose

Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from

Free proton

Hydrogen ion (H+) is known as

Polar covalent

The chemical bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a single water molecule is known as

dehydration synthesis

Disaccharides are formed by connecting two monosaccharides and a peptide is formed by connecting two amino acids, both are formed by a process called

Glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrates in animals is?

Oxygen

The most common element in the human body is?

amino acids

What are the building blocks for proteins?

Which of the following would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

O2

Plant cell walls are made mainly of?

cellulose

The membranous organelle in plant cells that carries out the process of photosynthesis?

chloroplast

The structures found in plants that function as an intercommunicating passageway between adjacent cells?

plasmodesmata

Which organelle(s) contains DNA other than the nucleus?

mitochondria

Which of the following would be most appropriate method to observe the three-dimensional structure and organization of microvilli on an intestinal cell?

scanning electron microscope

Bacteria cells lack compartmentalization, have a single circular chromosome, and therefore referred to as?

prokaryotic

If a solution A has a 300 mOSM solution and solution B has a 500 mOSM solution cells?

Solution A is hypoosmotic to solution B.

Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient with the input of potential energy?

active transport

The plastid in plants that functions to store starch?

amyloplast

A defect in which of the following intercellular junctions would allow fluid in the urinary bladder to leak passively between the cells into the abdominal cavity?

tight junctions

Why does testosterone, a lipid-soluble signaling molecule that crosses the membranes of all cells, affect only target cells?

Intracellular receptors for testosterone are present only in target cells.

The compartment in eukaryotic cells that functions to store proteins?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Almost all membranes are composed of a bilayer of which of the following lipids?

phospholipids

The motor protein that plays a major role in the secretion of neurotransmitters from neurons?

kinesin

When using the microscope, you should always start the focusing process with the scanning objective locked into pace and the stage

at the bottom position

Intermediate filaments are composed of

Keratin family proteins

The scientist then stated in 1839 that all animal tissues are composed of cells.

Schwann

What role do phosphatases play in signal transduction pathways?

They inactivate protein kinases to turn off signal transduction.

The non-membranous organelle that functions to read mRNA to produce protein.

ribosome

The structure that are found on a human sperm cell that function to propel to cell up the Fallopian tube.

flagella

A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypoosmotic compared to the cells.

As a general rule as you decrease the amount of light, you the resolution of the microscope.

decrease

White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?

phagocytosis

All of the following membrane activities require only kinetic energy (ATP) except.

active transport

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?

ligand-gated ion channel

Looking through a 40x objective lens, 10 units or spaces on your ocular micrometer measures 0.012\, \text{mm}. What is the calibration for 1 space) on you ocular micrometer ni micrometers (um).

1.2

A/An is characterized by having cells that lack a cell wall.

animal

The highest permeability on the plasma membrane is

Small nonpolar molecules

Protein kinase is an enzyme that functions in which of the following ways?

activates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them

Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes?

identification of tissue or self

When an animal cell is placed into a hyperosmotic solution the animal cell will

shrivel.

The type of cell to cell connection that allows animal cells to communicate with one another.

gap junctions

If the ocular magnification on a microscope is 15x, and the objective magnification is 40x, what magnification?

600

Bacteria contain a cell wall which is composed of primarily.

peptidoglycan

The membranous organelle that functions of package and modify protein for export from cell

Golgi body

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of animals

enables the membrane to stay fluid and maintain in its strength and integrity.

Fungal cell walls are made of mainly.

chitin

The non-membranous organelle that functions to control all cell movements and is composed of nine triplet clusters of microtuoules.

centrosome

Hormones are chemical substances produced in one organ that are released into the bloodstream and affect the function of a target organ. Which of the following conditions is required for the target organ to respond to a particular hormone?

The target organ must have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule.

The type of cel to cel connection that strengthens the cel connection and si composed of plaques and cadherins.

desmosomes

A specialized vacuole that contains oxidative enzymes that protect the organism from toxic substances such as formaldehyde.

peroxisome

Assume that a researcher is conducting an experiment in which he collects data on a control group of organisms, and on a manipulated group of organisms. What is the null hypothesis?

There is no difference between the population

Refer to the diagram below for this question. Asume that you have made Adialysis-tubing i.e., solvent permeable / solute impermeable membrane) cel filed with a 300 mOSM Dextrose solution, and placed to into an environment with a200 mOSM NaCl solution. Which of the folowing statements is true?

The cell will swell because the environment surrounding the cell is hypoosmotic to the cell.

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

Calorie

In aerobic cellular respiration, is/are the final electron receptor.

oxygen

Where does the oxygen released in photosynthesis come from?

Water

A decrease in entropy is associated with which type of reaction?

Dehydration

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of ._

electrons

The loss of carbon fixing activity of the enzyme Rubisco is substantially and directly proportional to the

high levels of O2

Which fo the folowing has the longest wavelength and the lowest energy ni the electromagnetic spectrum?

radio waves