AP Biology Test #2

Cell Theory;

Scheilden & Schwaan

-All organisms are made of one or more cells

-All cells come from preexisting cells (Virchow)

-The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

Which cells don’t store organelle’s?

Cells that store things - Every cell has a different set of organelle’s for what they do.

Cell structure is correlated to….

cell function

Microscopy and the tools of biochemistry:

-Anton van Leeuwenhoek

-1st to see animal cells - “animalcules”

-Robert Hooke

-1st to view plant cells - coined the term cells 

Light Microscope (LM)

-Pass visible light through a specimen 

-Magnify cellular structures with lenses 

What is a pro of using a light Microscope:

You can view living or dead specimens

What is a con of using a light Microscope:

Limited resolution (cannot see most organelles) limitation is wavelength visible light

Electron Microscope (EM) 

Focus on beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Provides for detailed study of the external ultra-structure of cells

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Provides detailed ultrastructure of cells interior

What is a con of TEM

Specimen needs to be dead

What is a pro of TEM

Very good magnification

What two types of cells make up every organism

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What falls under Prokaryotic 

Bacteria and Archaea 

What falls under Eukaryotic

Everything other than bacteria and Archaea (animals, plants, fungi, and protist)

Archaea - Extremophiles  

-Thrive in extreme conditions

Thermophilic

creatures in extreme temperature areas (heat)

Barophilic

Extreme pressures

Halophilic 

High salt - the dead sea

Methanogens

Create methane

Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells have:

-Plasma membrane 

-Cytosol 

-Chromosomes 

-Ribosomes 

Plasma membrane

Surrounds the cell-defines interior from exterior / regulates the entry / exit

Cytosol

Semifluid substance within the membrane - contains the organelles

Chromosomes

Contains genes in the form of DNA

Ribosomes 

Protein synthesis using genetic instructions 

Prokaryotic Cells are different in that they-

-Lack membrane bound organelles - reactions carried out in cytoplasm

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