Unit 2 psych cue cards
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53 Terms
What is social cognition?
How we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations.
When is social cognition used?
PEOPLE PERCEPTION
ATTRIBUTIONS
ATTITUDES
STEREOTYPING
what is Person perception?
The mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.
what is a ‘Schema’?
Our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a concept that helps us organise and interpret information.
What is the halo effect?
the tendency to allow the overall positive impression of a person, or our positive impression of a particular quality to influence our expectations and beliefs about the person in other qualities.
What is the reverse Halo effect?
an incorrect assumption that a positive characteristic indicates the presence of negative characteristics.
What is the horn effect?
an incorrect assumption that a negative characteristic indicates the presence of other negative characteristics.
what is Saliency detection?
The tendency to notice and focus on features of a person or situation that are distinctive or noticeable in its context, which can influence how we perceive and judge them.
what is Body language?
non-verbal communication in which physical posture, movement and behaviour, rather than words are used to express a certain message
What is social categorization?
a mental shortcut used in people perception to categorise people into groups based on their shared social characteristics.
What are Attributions?
The inferences that we make about the causes of events and behaviours, both our own and those of others.
What are situational attributions?
explanations of a person’s behaviour based on factors outside the person involves such as luck or something in the environment, in the task or in the actions of another person.
What are personal attributions?
Explanations for behavior based on internal factors such as personality or abilities
How does physical appearance impact person perception?
impacts person perception through shaping first impressions, since people often believe that appearance reflects personal characteristics.
How does Body language impact person perception?
impacts person perception, as it is often an expression of behaviour, which enables people to make quick, often accurate judgements.
How does behaviour impact person perception?
impacts person perception through being the most accurate judgement of somebody’s character, since many behaviours are linked to particular personality traits.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors of people’s behaviour and underestimate the situational factors in people’s behaviour
What is the Actor-observer bias?
the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational factors, yet attribute others’ behaviour to personal factors.
What is the Self-serving bias?
the tendency for individuals to attribute their success to personal factors, but blame failure on situational factors.
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude, and discrimination is a behaviour arising from prejudice
What is prejudice?
a negative attitude towards another person or social group that is not based on reason or actual experience
What is Discrimination?
Discrimination is the unjust treatment of a person or social group based on factors such as race, gender, age, religion, and disability.
What is the Contact hypothesis?
the theory that certain types of direct contact between members of opposing groups can reduce prejudice.
What is the Anchoring Bias?
the tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information received when making a decision and to not modify this anchor sufficiently in light of later information.
What is the Attentional bias?
the tendency to prioritise attention to certain stimuli over other stimuli.
What is the confirmation bias?
the tendency to seek, recall or interpret information in a way that confirms existing beliefs whilst dismissing contradictory information.
What is the false-consensus bias?
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people are like them in terms of sharing beliefs, characteristics or behaviours.
What is the Hindsight bias?
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which the outcome of an event that already happened could’ve been foreseen.
What is the Misinformation bias?
the tendency for info required after the event to influence the accuracy of the memory of the original event.
What is the Optimism bias?
the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events in the future. and underestimate the likelihood of experiencing negative events.
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
a type of cognitive bias whereby people overestimate their knowledge/ability in areas that they have little to no knowledge/ experience in.
What is a heuristic?
a strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems, but cannot guarantee a correct outcome.
What is the availability heuristic?
involves making a decision based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind
What is the representativeness heuristic?
involves categorising things by judging how closely it matches with a typical member of the category.
What is the affect heuristic?
involves making a judgement influenced by the emotion experienced at the time.
What is an attitude?
an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group event or issue
what are the 3 components of an attitude?
AFFECTIVE COMPONENT (FEELINGS)
COGNITIVE COMPONENT (BELIEFS)
BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT (ACTIONS)
What is cognitive dissonance?
a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly or subconsciously hold fundamentally conflicting beliefs.
experienced by someone whose behaviour differs from the way they believe they should behave.
What is a social group?
any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence each other and share a common purpose
what are the 4 characteristics of a social group?
TWO OR MORE MEMBERS
INTERACTION AMONGST MEMBERS
INFLUENCE AMONGST MEMBERS
MEMBERS SHARE A COMMON PURPOSE/GOAL
What is social power
an individual’s (or groups’) ability to control or influence another person or group in a social interaction, even when they try to resist this influence.
What are the types of social power?
REWARD POWER
COERCIVE POWER
LEGITEMATE POWER
REFERENT POWER
EXPERT POWER
INFORMATIONAL POWER
What is groupthink?
a psychological phenomenon in which the desire for harmony and agreement leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making.
When is groupthink most likely to occur?
HIGH LEVEL OF COHESIVENESS
STRONG LEADER
LACK OF PROCEDURES SEARCHING FOR PROS AND CONS
ISOLATION FROM OUTSIDE INFLUENCE
PRESSURE TO MAKE A DECISION
What is Obedience?
the act of following orders/commands from an authority figure, often without questioning the morality of the orders.
What is Conformity?
the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour, so that they become more consistent with those of other people
What is non-conformity
the act of refusing to go along with a majority group’s opinions, behaviours or norms despite there being pressure to do so
positive impacts of social media
strengthens relationships
overcomes barriers of connectivity
good source of digital literacy
negative impacts of social media
distractor/time waster
platform for cyberbullying
unrealistic body image perceptions
Characteristics of a social media addiction
salience, mood modification, reduced tolerance, withdrawal and loss of control over usage
What is top-down processing
What is bottom-up processing
TD: how the brain uses knowledge, experiences and expectations to interpret new sensory information.
BU: the way the brain perceives and interprets new information starting from basic sensory input, without relying on past knowledge and experiences.
3 types of attention
SUSTAINED: involves focusing on a specific stimulus without being distracted for a long period of time
DIVIDED: involves distributing attention to perform multiple tasks simultaneously
SELECTIVE: involves choosing to focus on a specific stimulus, whilst excluding other stimuli