Bio Cell Respiration

What is the structure of one ATP molecule?

One ATP molecule consists of one adenine nitrogenous base, one ribose sugar, and three inorganic phosphate groups.

What role does ATP play in cells?

ATP serves as the energy currency used by processes within cells.

What are the solubility and stability properties of ATP?

ATP is soluble in water and stable at near-neutral pH values.

Why can't ATP pass through phospholipid bilayers?

ATP cannot pass through phospholipid bilayers, which allows for controlled movement in and out of membrane-bound organelles.

What type of bonds are found between the last two phosphate groups in ATP?

The last two phosphate groups are attached by unstable, high-energy bonds.

What happens to ATP during hydrolysis?

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate releases energy that can be used for cellular work.

What are some life processes that ATP supplies energy for?

ATP supplies energy for active transport, synthesis of macromolecules, movement of cells, and movement of cell components during mitosis or meiosis.

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has three phosphate groups, while ADP (adenosine diphosphate) has two phosphate groups.

What type of reaction synthesizes ATP from ADP?

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate is an endergonic reaction.

What type of reaction occurs during the hydrolysis of ATP?

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate is an exergonic reaction.

What are the sources of energy for synthesizing ATP?

Energy for synthesizing ATP can come from cell respiration, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis.

What is cell respiration?

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

What are the principal substrates for cell respiration?

Glucose and fatty acids are the principal substrates for cell respiration.

What is the first stage of cell respiration that starts with glucose?

The first stage is glycolysis, which splits glucose.

What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?

Glycolysis has a net yield of 2 ATP.

What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

What is the ATP yield of aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration can yield up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule.

What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

What is the ATP yield of anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration yields only 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

What is produced as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans?

Anaerobic respiration produces lactate (lactic acid).

How does the availability of oxygen affect pyruvate fate?

The fate of pyruvate depends on the availability of oxygen; it can be further oxidized in aerobic conditions or converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions.

What factors affect the rate of cell respiration?

The rate of cell respiration is affected by temperature, pH, and substrate availability.

What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in cell respiration?

The optimum temperature is around 30°C.

How does substrate availability influence cell respiration?

Higher levels of glucose and oxygen can increase the rate of cell respiration up to a maximum.

What methods can be used to measure the rate of cell respiration?

Methods include measuring changes in CO2 or O2 concentration, gas volume changes in a closed system, and changes in substrate concentration.

How do respirometers work in measuring cell respiration?

Respirometers measure gas volume changes due to O2 uptake and CO2 release, allowing for the calculation of respiration rates.

What is the significance of having more mitochondria in cells?

Cells with more mitochondria have a higher rate of cell respiration.