Chapter 1- What is Biotechnology?

Definition of Biotechnology

biotechnology is like giving nature a set of tools to reprogram living systems to do something new/useful.

three examples of traditional biotechnology products

yogurt, cheese, bread

two examples of modern biotechnology products

therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergent

when did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1970

when did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock

8000 BC

when was wine first invented

4000 BC

who developed brewing and cheesemaking? when?

the sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC

what was the first antibiotic used? what culture and when?

moldy soybean curds by the Chinese in 500 BC

who developed the first smallpox vaccine? when?

edward Jenner in 1796

who discovered proteins

Jons Jakob

when was the origin of species published

1859

when was pasteurization first developed

1861

when did Mendel establish the principles of genetics

1865

who developed the first rabies vaccine? what year?

louis pasteur in 1885

when did the term biotechnology first appear in print

1919

who discovered penicillin, what year?

alexander Fleming in 1928

who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information

oswald Avery

when was the double helix structure of DNA discovered

1953

when was Mrna disovered

1961

when was the gene first completely synthesized

1971

when was recombinant insulin produced by which company

1977 by Genetech

when was DNA fingerprinting first used

1984

when were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown

1986

when was the human genome project first launched

1990

what was the first cloned mammal and what year

a sheep in 1997

when was golden rice developed

1999

when was the human genome project completed

2003

when was the first HPV vaccine approved

2003

when was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created

2010

when was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing

2012

when were mRNA vaccines first used

2021

different sectors in biotechnology

research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing

key techniques in biotechnology

molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

the ethical consideration around biotechnology

just can we can doesn’t mean we should, safety, equity, and long term impact

tools in biotechnology

whole cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins

two of the key instruments in biotechnology

spectrophtometers and PCR

what is chromatography

sorting

what is gene transfer

delivery system

what is protein purification

final product

what is a spectrophotometer

quantifies DNA, and proteins via light

what Is PCR

amplifies DNA

what are the key concepts behind using biotech in national defense

biosurveillance

what company was the founding biotech company and their first product

genetech and they produced Humulin

whats the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries

biotech is biological drugs and pharmaceutical is chemical drugs

who are the key users of biotechnology

FDA, EPA, USDA, OSHA

what is genomics

study of the entire genome

what is proteomics

study of the organisms protein expression

what is precision medicine

tailoring treatments to individuals genetics

what happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development

lab animal testing

what happens during phase 1 of clinical trials

testing safety

what happens during phase 2 of the clinical trials

testing effectiveness

what happens during phase 3 of the clinical trials

conformation of results

four common lab hazards

chemical, biological, physical, fire-related

what does OSHA do to ensure safety

training, PPE, procedural awareness

what must initial and recurring training cover

equipment location, safe handling, emergency response

what is PPE

personal protective equipment

what is eye protection

goggles, splash guards, UV face shields

what is hand protection

latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard type

what are foot/body protection

lab coats, closed-toe shoes required

what is the MSDS

material safety data sheets

when should fume hoods be used

when handling volatile or hazardous substances

what are biosafety levels

categorization of labs by hazard

what are biosafety levels

BSL 1- BSL 4

what is BSL 1

non-disease-causing organisms: basic PPE (teaching lab)

what is BSL 2

moderate hazards: access restriction, signage, biological safety cabinets for aerosols (human samples)

what is BSL 3 & 4

high-level pathogens (ebola); rare, require advanced isolation and safety (advanced pathogens, special isolation, government facilities)

how should microorganisms be disposed

autoclaving or 10% bleach soak

what tools measure volume

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes

what tools measure mass

analytical balances, weighing paper or boats

what is normal body temp

37 c

what is normal room temp

22 c

what pH meters

electrodes

how should glassware be cleaned

autoclaves

what is an autoclave

sterilizes media, tools, and solutions

different methods for disinfection

10% bleach soak, 70% ethanol, UV light 0.22 um

purpose of a lab notebook

legal records for intellectual property of purpose, methods, results, conclusions

what are SI units

grams, liters, degrees celsius

what is dilution formula

c1v1 = c2v2