Marine Biology

1. List and discuss 4 practical reasons why it's a good idea to study marine biology.

1.) It can cause problems

2.) Important part of our economy

3.) Used in medicines

4.) Life on earth originated from the sea

2. In economic terms the ocean's living systems are estimated to be worth ____ a year.

21 trillion

3. Evidence of the use of marine organisms as a source of food date back to as early as...

165,000 years

4. The ________ were the first accomplished Western navigators.

Phonecians

5. ___ is considered by many to be the first marine biologist.

Aristotle

6. List and discuss 5 ways that Captain James Cook was important to the study of marine biology.

1.) First to make scientific observations

2.) First to use chronometer

3.) Reshaped European concept of the world

4.) Brought back specimens of plants and animals

5.) First to see antarctic ice fields

7. List and discuss 3 contributions that Charles Darwin made to the study of marine biology.

1.) Detailed observations of all aspects of the natural world

2.) Explained formation of coral reefs (Atalls)

3.) Collected plankton with a net

8. Although somewhat controversial, the "Wilkes Expedition" produced some important contributions to American marine biological studies. List and discuss 4 of these

1.) Charted 2400 km of Antarctica= continent

2.) Explored 280 islands in the south Pacific.

3.) Collected flora and fauna

4.) 2000 previously unknown flora and fauna were collected

9. Who was Edward Forbes?

-Most influential marine biologist of his day.

-Carried out extensive dredging of the sea floor in Brittain. --Discovered that there was life at all depths and

sparked interest in people to study the ocean floor.

10. Briefly summarize the Challenger Expedition.

-Charted maps of ocean over a 3.5 year study of marine data.

-Set standards of how to do marine biology.

11. The 1st permanent marine laboratory was ____________, founded in Naples in 1872.

Stazione Zoologica

12. The 1st American marine laboratory was at ____, Massachusets

Woods Hole

13. What are Argo floats? How are Argo floats, and other technology like them, significant to the study of marine science?

Torpedo shaped floats that measure temperature, salinity, and oxygen and transmit data to sattelites. They help marine biologists and oceanographers know more about the water itself and the habitats organisms live in.

14. What is a "crittercam" and what previously inaccessible data are they providing?

Critter cams are cameras attached to swift animals which humans cannot keep up with easily by themselves. They provide a look of the ocean from the animals point of view that way scientists can see that animals environment.

15. List and discuss two technologies developed during and just after WWII that are important in the study of marine biology.

Sonar: sound navigation ranging.

Scuba: allows for humans to descent below the surface of the ocean for extended periods of time using an oxygen tank so they may view organisms in their natural environment.

16. Scientific knowledge is fundamentally derived from ___________________.

OBSERVATION of nature

17. Describe the difference between induction and deduction.

Induction: Using separate observations to arrive at general principles.

Deduction: reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions

18. In order for a hypothesis to be scientifically valid it must meet one criterion. What is it?

It must be testable

19. Why is it incorrect for someone to say, "I know this is true because science proves it,"?

Science cannot prove anything. It can only falsify hypothesis or provide supporting data so the hypothesis may be accepted.

20. Why are controlled experiments essential to scientific progress?

You know what you change and can more specifically narrow down what variables have an effect on your study.

21. Define a scientific theory. How is this different from a "man on the street" idea of atheory?

A scientific theory is supported by overwhelming data. Used in everyday language, the word "theory" is used to mean speculation.

1. The ocean covers __% of the planet earth. However, the oceans are not evenly distributed. In the Southern hemisphere __% of the Earth is covered by ocean while only __% of the Northern hemisphere is oceanic.

71% of earth. Southern: 80%. Northern: 61%.

2. List the 4 large ocean basins. Which is the largest? Which is the shallowest? What is the deepest part of the ocean? How deep is it?

Indian, Atlantic, artic, PACIFIC. Mariana trench: 36,163 ft.

3. What is the Southern Ocean?

The continuous body of water that surround Antarctica.

4. Discuss how the density of materials is responsible for the formation of the layers of the earth. How is density also important informing the ocean floor versus the continents?

When the earth was young and molten, dense material moved to the center, while lighter material moved towards the surface. The ocean floor is made up of denser, thinner material, while continents are made of lighter, thicker material (granite).

5. Define and/or discuss the significance of the following to Plate Tectonics:(a.) Continental Drift: (b.) Pangea: (c.) mid-oceanic ridges: (d.) deep ocean trenches: (e.) magnetic anomalies: (f.) lithospheric plates: (g.) Panthalassa: (h.) Laurasia & Gondwana:

Continental drift: pangea broke apart. Pangea: one solid supercontinent. Mid-oceanic ridges: chain of underwater volcanic mountains displaced at regular intervals. Deep ocean trenches: deep depression in sea floor. Magnetic anomalies: rocks alternate normal and reversed magnetism; cooled at different times. Sea floor formed in parallel strips. Lithospheric plates: upper part of mantle. Lithosphere broken into plates. Panthallassa: body of water that surrounded Pangea. Laurasia: NA, Eurasia. Gondwana: SA, India, AUS, ANT, AF

6. Why is it thought that Denver, Colorado is surrounded by rocks made of marine sediments.

A huge slab of oceanic lithosphere (Farallon plate) slid under west coast, creating a shallow ocean. IT BROKE FREE of sinking plate and floated back up to normal elevation, and the shallow sea disappeared.

7. What is the link between marine microbes, photosynthesis, granite and the continents?

Photosynthesis arose in marine microbes. Granite is produced by oxygen from photosynthesis and energy produced by marine microbes. Production of granite led to formation and stabilization of continents.

8. List and discuss the origins of marine sediments.

Lithogenous sediment: physical and chemical breakdown (weathering) of rocks on continents.

Biogenous: skeletons and shells of marine organisms. Some are CaCO3 (calcareous ooze)

9. The periods of time between ice ages are referred to as __________________.

Interglacial periods

10. The __ is the portion of a continental margin that is the deepest.

Continental rise

11. Recently, detailed mapping of varying continental shelves has garnered great interest. Why?

As arctic sea ice melts, it reveals oil and other seabed resources for the US and Russia, if they can claim them.

12. Describe the differences between an active and passive continental margin and what causes these differences.

Active: Zones of intense geological activity such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

Passive: Areas that are relatively inactive. Flat coastal plains.

The plate tectonic process caused colliding plates which produced mountains.

13. Why are hydrothermal vent areas of particular interest to marine biologists?

There is unexpectedly rich marine live around the vents.

1. Beside the Earth, how many other planets are known to have water?

Zero

___2. Marine organisms are similar to terrestrial organisms in that approximately ___% of their bodies are made of water?

80%

3. Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

As water temperature decreases, the hydrogen bonds move farther apart. In liquid water, the molecules are close together in groups.

4. Define the latent heat of melting and the latent heat of evaporation.

Melting: amount of heat needed to melt a substance. Evaporation: amount of heat needed to evaporate something. Water absorbs a lot of heat as it evaporates, thus it has a high HofEvap

5. Seawater is salty because it contains lots of dissolved_____ or charged atoms of many different varieties. The two that are found in the highest quantity are ____& ___ which make up ___% of the saltiness in seawater.

Solutes. Na (30%). Cl (55%).

6. What are practical salinity units (psu) and how are they related to salinity measured in parts per thousand (0/00)?

Practical salinity units are units used for measurement of salinity of water. Same as ppt in that (35 psu = 35%)

___7. The rule of constant proportions states that.

A. The relative amounts of the various ions in seawater are always the same.

8. How are measurements of salinity, temperature and depth taken on modern oceanographic vessels? What if a sample of water from a depth of 1,000 meters is needed for analysis?

Using an electronic sensor (CTD meter).

For 1,000 meter depth, Nisken bottle would be used.

9. What are the main dissolved gasses found in the world's oceans? How is photosynthesis of marine algae and respiration of marine organisms relative to dissolved gasses? How is water temperature relative to dissolved gasses?

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and Nitrogen. ????????????????

___10. Light will penetrate, even the clearest water, to a level of approximately ____m and below that is only darkness.

1,000 meters

11. Describe two reasons why seawater near coastal areas may be less transparent than water in the open ocean?

1.) Sediment is brought in by rivers which gives it a greenish tint.

2.) Plankton clouds water.

___12. Water pressure increases dramatically with depth. Every ___m of depth increases pressure by 1 atmosphere (atm).

10 meters

13. The deflection of large-scale motions, like wind or ocean currents, to the right in the N. hemisphere and to the left in the S. hemisphere is known as the ________________

Coriolis.

14. Explain why the trade winds approach the equator at a 45o angle.

The Coriolis effect ????

15. What is Ekman transport and what creates it?

One layer of the ocean is pushed on by the layer above it and pushed the layer below it. Each micro layer moves in a different direction. Eckman layer moves 90 degrees from direction of wind

16. What are gyres and what do they have to do with weather?

Gyres are huge, circular, WIND DRIVEN surface currents.

17. What is biomixing and how does it differ from overturn?

Mixing of ocean water by movement of marine organisms. Overturn is when the top layer becomes more dense than the layer below, so it sinks to the bottom and displaces the layer below.

___18. The great ocean conveyer mixes the oceanic water on a long timescale. Water that sinks down in one location may take up to _______to come back around to the same location.

4,000 years

19. _________ is the "stuff" that waves carry across the surface of the ocean.

Energy

20. The size of wind-generated waves is dependent on the "fetch". What is this?

The distance of open water the wind has to travel across.

21. Explain how one coastal area on the earth can have two spring tides and two neap tides each 28 days.

Spring tides: large difference between successive high and low tides.

Neap tides: Sun and moon at 90 degree angle and the effects cancel each other. New moon: spring. 1st quarter: neap. Full moon: spring. 3rd quarter: neap. Bulge and tidal range smallest.

22. What causes tsunamis?

Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes. "Seismic sea waves." Can have a wavelength of 150 miles and be 435 mph. In open ocean, wave is small at 40 inches.

1. Life is hard to define, but listing the properties that living things have in common helps us understand "life" versus "non-life". What are seven properties that living things have in common?

1.) Physically and chemically organized. 2.) Grow. 3.) Metabolize. 4.)Regulate internal environment. 5.) React to external environment (stimuli). 6.) Reproduce. 7.) Use nucleic acids to store genetic info.

2. List the four major categories of organic molecules found in living things, and give an example of each type.

1.) Carbs: glucose. 2.) Proteins: enzymes. 3.) Lipids: fats, oils, waxes. 4.) Nucleic Acids: DNA.

3. What is "carbon fixation"? What waste product is produced when carbon is "fixed"? What is the relationship between carbon fixation and "primary production"?

Carbon fixation: photosynthesis converts carbon from inorganic to an organic form. O2 waste product produced.

Primary production: net gain in organic matter; excess organic matter. Fixation: rearranging what you have. (Photosynthesis & C fix= O2 waste)

4. Why might an organism switch from "aerobic" to "anaerobic" respiration?

When oxygen is not available. Many switch when extreme exertion depletes oxygen in their muscles and blood.

5. Utilizing the figures 4.7 and 4.8, discuss the structural similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic: cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, "few" organelles, circular DNA, flagella, ribosomes.

Eukaryotic: Plant and animal cells. GOLGI APPARATUS, NUCLEUS plamsa membrane, MITOCHONDRIA, ER, CILIA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Plant: vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall.

6. Define and explain the difference between diffusion and osmosis.

Diffusion is when solute move from an area of high to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

7. List 5 forms of evidence that are used to support the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells and then developed a symbiotic lifestyle.

1.) Mitochondria have DNA; DNA is circular. 2.) Mitochondria are 1-3 microns long. 3.) Respiration takes place in the membrane. 4.) Mito have folded internal membrane. 5.) Mito divide in half to replicate.

8. An organisms that actively works to maintain its internal concentration of solutes is called an...

osmoconformer

9. In regards to body heat creation and regulation, some animals are ectotherms and some are endotherms. However poikilotherms can be either ectothermic or endothermic while homeotherms are always endothermic. Explain these distinctions.

Poikilotherms: change temperature with surroundings. Ectotherms- snakes, reptiles, amphibians. Endotherms: tuna and whales.

Homeotherms: retain body heat by metabolism; use to regulate internal temperatures.

10. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. List 3 modes of asexual reproduction. Describe 2 reproductive strategies seen in sexual reproducing organisms.

Asexual: happens individually. Fission, budding, vegetative reproduction (shooting out runners).

Sexual: with a partner. 2 gametes have to meet. Broadcast spawning, Hermaphrodites.

11. What is significant about the fossil fish Tiktaalik roseae?

Intermediate between limbs of early tetrapods and fins of lobed finned fishes (ancestors of tetrapods). ????????????

12. Why is the use of common names for marine organisms, such as "spiny lobster" or "dolphin", problematic? How does the use of scientific nomenclature solve this issue?

They are not precise; what we call crayfish, other called spiny lobster. Latin names are accepted world wide.

13. What is phylogenetics? What types of evidence do biologists utilize while engaged in phylogenetic studies?

The study of evolutionary relationships.

Body structure, reproduction, embryological and larval development, and behavior.

14. The "Tree of Life" has changed many times over the many years that scientist have been studying life. What is the most recent change that was made to the "tree" and why was this change necessary?

Domains: Eukarya; eukaryotes.

Bacteria, Archea; prokaryotes. Very different from eachother.