Obstetrics & Gynecology

what is alpha fetoprotein?

measured in pregnant women using blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for developmental abnormalities

when alpha fetoprotein is increased what is indicated?

open neural tube defects

when alpha fetoprotein is decreased what is indicated?

down syndrome

what is amenorrhea?

abnormal cessation of menses

what is aminocentesis?

done for health of fetus, chromosomes and lung maturity

what is breast milk deficient in?

vitamin D and iron

what is colostrum?

first breast milk

what is the dilation of the cervix?

expansion or stretching of the cervix during the first stage of labor

what is dysmenorrhea?

painful menses

what is dystocia?

abnormal painful or prolonged labor

what is effacement?

thinning of cervix

what is engagement?

decent of fetal skull to the level of the ischial spines

what is hyperemesis gravidarum?

excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

what is lightening?

the baby drops into the pelvis 2 weeks befor delivery and produces lower abdominal pain

what is linea nigra?

dark streak down the midline of the abdomen seen during pregnancy

what is lochia?

vaginal discharge after delivery and throughout puerperium

what is puerperium?

period of time after the delivery of the placenta to the complete involution of the organs

what is quickening?

first preception by the mother of fetal life

what is station?

identifies the fetal position in relation to the spines of the ischium

what is chadwick’s sign?

bluish discoloration of the vagina

what is goodell’s sign?

softening of the tip of the cervix

what is hegar’s sign?

softening of the isthmus of the uterus

what is piskacek’s sign?

enlargement fo the uterus near the uterine tube over the site of implantation

what is the most common reason for post partum hemorrhage?

atonic uterus

what is cholasma?

brown hyperpigmentation of the face/mask during pregnancy

what is choriocarcinoma?

malignancy of the placenta due to abnormal epithelium

what is cystocele?

herniation of urinary bladder into the vagina

what is endometritis?

most common type of postpartum infection causing inflammation of endometrium

what is a rectocele?

herniation of rectum into the vagina along the posterior vaginal wall

what is an enterocele?

herniation of intestines into superior vaginal canal

what is FSH responsible for?

maturation of the follicle

what is HcG responsible for?

promotes health of corpus leuteum and to detect pregnancy

what is LH responsible for?

ovulation

what is oxytocin responsible for?

uterine contractions during labor and milk let down following delivery

what is prolactin responsible for?

milk production

what is the longest stage of labor?

dilation

what stage of labor is most dangerous to baby?

expulsion

what stage of labor is most dangerous to the mother?

placental delivery

what is placenta previa?

low lying placenta with partial obstruction of the internal os

what is placenta abruptio?

normally placed planceta that detaches from site and causes spontaneous abortion

what is placenta accreta?

does not seperate after delivery

what is battledore placenta?

the umbilical cord is attached at the margin of the placenta

in a monogamous relationship, how often is a pap smear needed?

every 3 years