unit 11 BOO

fungi and bryophytes

ecological impacts of fungi

• decomposers

• reduce nutritional value and palatability of produce

economic impacts of fungi

• loss of crops and livestock from disease

• production of valuable products like antibiotics and food

• yeast

• toxic waste cleanup

health impacts of fungi

• serious disease in domestic animals and humans

• fungal infection (AIDS and Pneumonia)

• thrush

hyphae

single tubular filaments of fungus; comprise mycelium

mycelium

mass of hyphae forming the fungus body; growth of hyphae at tips

septate

divided by cross walls into cells or compartments; filamentous

aseptate/coenocytic

contained in common cytoplasm; multinucleate; nonseptate

unicellular

yeast

chitin

tough resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide; more resistant to microbial degredation

fungal nutrition

heterotrophic: chemoheterotrophs/parasitic. they secrete enzymes (exo-enzymes) onto a food source and then absorbs the smaller molecule

fungus main storage molecules

glycogen and lipids

spores

haploid; reproduction; non-motile’ produced asexually and sexually

sporangia

internals; hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which haploid spores are produced

conidia

external; asexual fungi spores not contained within a sporangium; located on the ends, do mitosis

budding

small outgrowth- the bud from the parent cell; asexual

haploid

spores

dikaryotic/heterokaryotic

cytoplasm fuses, no nuclei (plasmogamy), remain unfused for most

diploid

karyogamy; the nuclei fuse to make a diploid cell. meiosis occurs in specialized structures where haploid cells are produced

chytrid body form

aquatic; cell walls made of chitin

motile cells

zoospores and gametes that possess flagellum

impact of chytrids

plant pathogens

rhizopus sporangiophores

branch bearing one or more sporangia

sporangia

mitosis to produce spores

spores

sporangiospores

rhizopus zygospores

thick-walled, resistant spores that develops from a zygote. resulting from the fusion of isogametes

zygosporangium

very thick-walled sporangium containing one or more zygospores

gametangia

hyphae outgrowths that grow towards each other during sexual reproduction; precede reproduction

zygomycete impacts

• crop pests that are parasitic to insects and other small animals

• soft rot'

• produce tempe

• tenderize meat like steak

mycorrhizas ecological importance

grow in association with roots and must stay with host plant

phylum ascomycota examples

truffles, molds, powdery mildews, yeast

asci (ascospores)

spore produced within an ascus; saclike structure

ascoma (asxocarp)

multicellular structure that is lined with specialized cells called asci; where nuclear fusion and meiosis occur

Penicillium

penicillin

aspergillus

causes respiratory disease in humans through production of alfatoxins; some produce miso, soy sauce, and sake

ascomycete impacts

• antibiotics

• alfatoxins

• biological control of other fungi

basidiomycota examples

mushrooms, toadstools, stink horns, puffballs, shelf fungi

basidiospores

born outside a club-shaped spore-producing structure called the basidium; reproductive cell

monokaryotic

basidiospores produce a mycelium that may be multinucleate. septa soon form mycelium divides into monokaryotic cells

dikaryotic

fusion of monokaryotic hyphae from different mating types; production of dikaryotic mycelium

cap (pileus) and stalk (stipe)

caplike part of mushroom that sits atop a stalk (stipe)

gills

strips of tissue on the underside of the cap

basidiomycete impacts

gill fungi for consumption, health of tree reliant on mycorrhizal fungi, poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms

lichens symbiotic partners

mycobiont and photobiont

lichen photobiont

• fungus is lichen name

• protects and helps provide other nutrients, H2O, and minerals

lichen habitat

widespread; but not good with pollution

photobiont

• cyanobacterium OR green algal

• photosynthesis; shares sugar

lichen major growth forms

1. crustose

2. foliose

3. fruticose

crustose

flattened; adheres firmly to substrate; crusty appearance

foliose

leaflike

fruticose

erect; often branched and shrubby

mycorrhizae photobiont

• expands root surface area of plant

• provides nutrients

kingdom plantae characteristics

• multicellular with eukaryotic cells that contain vacuoles

• cellulose walls

• photosynthesis

• primary sexual reproduction

• embryophyte

bryophyte examples

liverworts, hornworts, mosses; water for reproduction and low growing

bryophyte habitat

moist locations in temperate and tropical forests, wetlands, desert, rocks, trees