Health Psych Final

Ch 6, 11, 12, 13, 14

Health behaviors occur on a __

continuum

Health habits are firmly established and automatically __ health behaviors

performed

What is (YRBSS) and what is it about?

Youth Risk Behavior Survey System, a national survey that monitors health risk behaviors among youth.

Decisions about health behavior are based on four interacting factors that influence perceptions about health threat.

What are those factors?

○ Perceived susceptibility

○ Perceived severity of health threat

○ Perceived benefits of and barriers to treatment

○ Cues to action

Three factors which shape behavioral intentions:

○ Attitude toward behavior

○ Subjective norm

○ Perceived behavioral control

Five stages which people pass through, non linearly, in altering health behavior:

○ Stage 1: Precontemplation

“I don’t see a problem.”

○ Stage 2: Contemplation

“I know what I want to

change – I’m just not ready

yet.”

○ Stage 3: Preparation

“I am ready to make change a

priority.”

○ Stage 4: Action (around 6 months)

“I focus energy on new habits.”

○ Stage 5: Maintenance

“I keep reinforcing my

commitment.”

Discriminative stimuli are __ signals (cues) that indicate certain

behaviors will be __. Triggers that induce the craving (temptations).

environmental, rewarded

Stimulus Control Interventions __ the discriminative (triggering)

stimuli and establishing new __ for healthy behavior.

remove, rewards

Relapse prevention is a way of __ to cope with those discriminative stimuli.

training

Contingency contract is a formal behavior __ that has terms of a contract. When if the terms of the contract are not fulfilled there is a consequence such as a monetary ($) punishment. BUT... you can’t always remove the __!

agreement, temptation

Three types of intervention undertaken before, during, and after a

disease strikes:

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention

Primary prevention: health- __ efforts to prevent disease

or injury from occurring

enhancing

Secondary prevention: actions taken to __ and treat an

illness or disability __ in its occurrence

identify, early

Tertiary prevention: actions taken to contain __ once

a disease or disability has progressed beyond its __ stages

damage, early

Positive psychology is the study of __ human functioning and

the healthy interplay between people and their __

optimal, environments

__ is a paradoxical outcome in which adversity somehow leads

people to greater psychological and/or physical well-being

Thriving

__ health psychology research has increased focus on

external systems that influence individual health

Preventive

What is promotores de salud?

Promotores de salud are community health workers who provide education and support to improve health outcomes in underrepresented populations.

Health psychologists work to shorten the time people spend in __

morbidity

Cancer is a set of diseases in which abnormal body cells and spread in __ fashion, forming a __

multiply, uncontrolled, tumor

Three tumor types, and are they cancerous?

▹ Benign (noncancerous)

▹ Malignant (cancerous)

▹ In situ (Growing at site where originated)

Metastasis is the process by which __ body cells proliferate and __

malignant, spread

Four types of cancer

Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Lymphoma

Leukimia

Carcinoma is the cancer of the __ cells that line the outer and inner surfaces of the __ (breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancer)

epithelial, body

Sarcoma is the cancer that strikes __, bones, and __

muscles, cartilage

Lymphoma is the cancer of the body's __ system; includes Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

lymph

Leukemia is the cancer of the __ and __ producing system

blood, blood

Among men, __ Americans have the highest incidence of cancer, followed by European American, then Hispanic American

African

Among woman, __ Americans have the highest rate, followed by African American, and then Hispanic,

European

Socioeconomic Status: Lower SES, less access, __ likely to seek and receive preventative education, screenings, treatment, and care; diet; there is also more __ use

less, tobacco

What demographic factor poses the greatest risk for developing cancer?

age

More men than women develop __ over lifetime; more women diagnosed before age 60

cancer

The older people become, the greater their chances of developing and dying of __

cancer

__ cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both women and men

Lung

Although risk factors increase a person’s chance of developing __, not every person with those risk factors will develop the disease

Most cases of cancer are caused by __ factors

cancer, non-genetic

Less than __ of all cancers would develop anyway as a result of uncontrollable genetic and biological processes

25%

__ is the most preventable cause of death in our society

Smoking

Foods Possibly Linked to Certain __

Cancers,

Foods That Appear to Cause Certain Cancers

Charred meat and highly processed meat

The evidence linking processed meat to __ cancer is as strong as the evidence that links smoking to cancer

colorectal

A carcinogen is a cancer-causing agent such as:

tobacco, ultraviolet radiation, or an environmental toxin

Sedentary lifestyle is risk factor for:

uterine, colorectal, and breast cancer

Many people do not follow recommended __ or treatment schedules due to perceptions of __ and feelings of __

screening, risk, vulnerability

Cancer surgery associated with higher levels of __ and slower rates of __ recovery than other surgeries

distress, emotional

Educating cancer patients about what’s normal following treatment and for improving the quality of life may aid in __

recovery

__-focused coping may be positive trait for cancer patients at initial diagnosis

Emotion

__ disposition at diagnosis is associated with active, engaged coping style, and less psychological distress over time

Optimistic

Three types of cancer treatment

chemotherapy

immunotherapy

radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Use of medicines to treat cancer or enhance immune system’s ability to selectively target cancer cells

Immunotherapy

Chemotherapy with medications used to support or enhance immune system's ability to selectively target cancer cells

Radiation Therapy

Using x-rays/gamma rays to destroy malignant tumors

Guided Imagery

Effectively helps patients control side effects of chemotherapy and other cancer treatments

Most experts agree that the following things affect a person’s risk of melanoma

▹ Older age

▹ Light or fair physical features

▹ Childhood sunburns

▹ Immunosuppressive medications

▹ Family history

Alcohol Use

▹ Alcohol is known cause of cancer

▹ Heavy or regular drinking increases the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), esophagus, liver, breast, colon, and rectum

▹ Consumption linked to cirrhosis, poor nutrition, and sleep deprivation

▹ Caution in drawing conclusions about alcohol and immunocompetence

(Environmental and Occupational Hazards)

Melanoma

▹ Potentially deadly form of cancer that strikes the melatonin-containing cells of the skin

▹ Early exposure, thinning of ozone layer, tanning

(Environmental and Occupational Hazards)

Ultraviolet Radiation

▹ One in five Americans will develop skin cancer

▹ High-frequency radiation, ionizing radiation, and ultraviolet radiation are proven carcinogens

▹ Ultraviolet B rays, which can damage DNA, cause more than 90% of all skin cancers, including melanoma

(Environmental and Occupational Hazards)

Toxic Chemicals

No subfield of cancer has identified as many new toxins

(asbestos, vinyl chloride, arsenic)

(Environmental and Occupational Hazards)

Occupational Carcinogens

▹ Mostly affect lungs, skin, bladder, and blood-forming systems

▹ Asbestos, chromium and compounds, benzene, diesel exhaust, radon

An estimated __% to __% of new cancers worldwide each year

are attributable to infection

Also higher in countries where certain __ are more

prevalent

15% to 20%

infections

Advances in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) directly focus on

__ risk (stress)

psychological

__ adversity associated with greater emotional and physiological sensitivity to stress

Childhood

Research findings suggest that childhood adversity may have an impact on later life __ development

cancer

Periodic and long-term clinical __ common among cancer patients (13% to 40%)

also linked to higher risk of early death among people with cancer

depression

__ enhances mortality risks in cancer patients

Depression

Cancer-related Masculine Threat (CMT)

Involves common symptoms associated with prostate cancer treatment that threaten masculine self-image

__ American breast cancer survivors report more difficulties with physical function and daily living activities

African

Lower-SES African American and Hispanic women __ likely to perceive benefits from breast cancer diagnosis than European Americans

more

Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)

The idea that people can overcome challenges to experience a more hardy state is relatively new in health and disease research

__ __ with other cancer patients can impact cancer coping skills

Social comparison

(Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions) for adults

focus on __/__ relief, control of aversive reactions to treatment, __ of emotional well-being

stress/pain, enhancement

(Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions) for children

focus on __ adherence and __ suffering

increasing, reducing

Epidemiology

the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of a particular disease or health outcome in a population

Antimicrobial Resistance

Ability of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes to resist the effect of drugs

Ways to avoid superbugs

▹ Safe food preparation

▹ Handwashing

▹ Follow instructions for antibiotics use

▹ Immunization

Young people (15 to 24 years) account for __ of all STI cases

half

Most Common or Prevalent STIs

(just for info, read over 3 times)

▹ Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

▹ Chlamydia

▹ Trichomoniasis

▹ Gonorrhea

▹ Genital Herpes

▹ Syphilis

▹ Hepatitis

▹ HIV/AIDS

HIV attacks __ system; infection vulnerability

immune

HIV can develop into __ if untreated

AIDS

Causes for HIV spread

▹ Unprotected sex

▹ Blood exchange

▹ Mother-to-child transmission

Health psychologists play a number of roles in battling STIs (name the three)

Primary and secondary prevention &

Psychosocial interventions

(Health Psychologists’ Role in Battling STIs)

Primary Prevention Interventions

Counseling for infection-testing and helping with modification of high-risk behaviors

(Health Psychologists’ Role in Battling STIs)

Secondary Prevention Interventions

Helping with treatment-regimen coping and with emotional and with emotional and cognitive disturbances related to infection

Factors in the Progression of AIDS

(info, read over 3x)

▸ Initial Immune Response: AIDS progresses more slowly among those with strong immune systems

▸ Genetic Vulnerability: Some people inherit a gene that may convey AIDS immunity

▸ Access to Treatment: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)

▸ Physical Risk Factors: Poor nutrition, drug use, repeated HIV exposure, and other viral infections

▸ Racial discrimination

(Living with a Chronic Illness)

__ of every ten U.S. deaths related to chronic illnesses

Seven

Despite massive __ efforts, rates of condom use and other safer sex behaviors are __

educational, low

People who have been diagnosed with a particular __ will seek out symptoms that are __ with how they view the illness

illness, consistent

People who have a __ outlook on life report fewer symptoms than do people who see the world darkly

positive

Physical and psychological disorders do not rarely occur __

simultaneously

Women are __ likely than men to seek health care

more

In general, people are __ consistent in whether or not they adhere to treatment

not

Patients who are satisfied with their health provider’s communication style are __ likely to adhere to treatment instructions

more

Patients generally are __ comfortable communicating with health care providers who are of the same gender and similar in other ways to themselves

most

Collaborative Care: A cooperative form of health care in which physicians, psychologists, and other health care providers __ forces to __ patient care

join, improve

Illness Representation

How a person views a particular illness, including its label and symptoms, perceived causes, timeline, consequences, and controllability

People in different places can experience the same __ phenomena in very __ ways

biological, different

__ and __ factors play important roles in determining whether a person seeks medical treatment

Demographic and sociocultural

Women __ as both researchers and research participants, and receive __ funding than men

underrepresented, less

The delay model (delay of seeking medical attention) proposed by Anderson and colleagues shows that __ symptoms does not __ lead to treatment

noticing, automatically

Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis) is the condition of experiencing abnormal __ over one's __, often including vague or imaginary symptoms

anxiety, health

Malingering is making believe one is ill to __ from sick role behavior

benefit