BHS 329 Unit 1 Test

Where is MHC 1 found on

Almost all nucleated cells

Where is MHC II found on

Antigen-presenting cells

What are some examples of antigen-presenting cells

B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

MHC I presents cells from _______ the cell

inside

MHC II presents cells from _______ the cell

This MHC molecule type kills infected or abnormal cells

MHC 1

This MHC molecule type activates and coordinates the immune response

MHC II

What is the mechanism of cerebral atrophy

Loss of neurons cause the brain tissue to shrink. As neurons die, the cerebral cortex thins and the ventricles enlarge, resulting in decreased brain function

What is the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy?

Increased workload (e.g. hypertension) causes cardiac muscle cells to enlarge by producing more contractile proteins. The heart wall thickens to generate great force, but prolonged hypertrophy eventually decreases efficiency

What is the mechanism of acromegaly

Excessive secretion of growth hormone stimulates liver to produce increased levels of IGF-1 after growth plate closure. Causes enlargement of bones and tissues through increased cell growth

What is the mechanism of cervical metaplasia

Chronic irritation causes normal cervical epithelial cells to be replaced with another mature cell type that is better able to withstand stress

What is the mechanism of cervical dysplasia

Persistent cellular injury (commonly HPV infection) causes abnormal cell growth with disorganized maturation and accumulation of mutations

What is the mechanism of acute sinusitis

Infection causes inflammation of the sinus mucosa, leading to swelling, increased mucus production, and blockage of sinus draining, allowing mucus and microorganisms to accumulateW

What is the mechanism of chronic sinusitis

Persistent inflammation causes prolonged mucosal edema, thickened tissue, impaired drainage, and repeated infections that damage the sinus lining

What is the mechanism of burn injuries

Heat destroys skin cells and blood vessels, triggering inflammation and increased capillary permeability, which leads to fluid loss, edema, impaired barrier function

What is the mechanism of arthritis

Chronic inflammation damages cartilage and joint tissues. Inflammatory mediators break down cartilage and may eventually damage bone, causing pain and decreased joint movement

What is the mechanism of acute gastritis

Irritation damaged the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing stomach acid to injury the stomach lining and trigger inflammation

What is the mechanism of chronic gastritis

Persistent inflammation gradually destroys gastric glands and mucosa, reducing mucus production and impairing digestion while increasing ulcer risk

What is the mechanism of gastritic

Damage to the stomach’s protective mucosal barrier allows gastric acid to injure the stomach lining, producing inflammation

What is the mechanism of acute pancreatitis

Pancreatic digestive enzymes become activated inside the pancreas instead of the small intestine, causing auto digestion, inflammation, edema, and tissue destruction

What is the mechanism of pancreatitis?

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes causes the pancreas to digest itself, leading to inflammation and tissue injury

What is the mechanism of IBD

Breakdown in the normal mucosal barrier, allowing intestinal bacteria to trigger an exaggerated adaptive immune response.

This drives cytokine release, recruiting more inflammatory cells and causing tissue damage.

over time, this creates a cycle of inflammation

What is the mechanism of Crohn’s disease

Chronic immune-mediated transmural inflammation occurs in skip lesions, leading to granulomas, fibrosis, bowel thickening, fistulas, obstruction, and malabsorption

What is the mechanism of ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammation is limited to the mucosa of the colon and rectum, causing continuous ulceration, bleeding, and impaired absorption without transmural damage

What is the mechanism of AIDS

HIV infects and destroys CD4 helper T cells, weakening immune function until opportunistic infections and cancers can edevelop

What is the mechanism of anaphylaxis?

A second exposure to an allergen cross-links IgE antibodies on mast cells, causing rapid degranulation and release of histamine

What is the mechanism of SLE

Immune system produces autoantibodies against nuclear complexes. B cells produce autoantibodies that form immune complexes which deposit in tissues and trigger complement activation and chronic inflammation, leading to tissue damage

What is the mechanism of Rh isoimmunization

An Rh-negative mother becomes sensitized to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells and produced anti-Rh IgG antibodies.

in a alter Rh-positive pregnancy, these antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn

What does neutralization do

Antibody blocks the pathogen or toxin, preventing it from infecting cells

What does opsonization do

Antibody coats the pathogen, making it easier for phagocytes to eat it

What does agglutination do

Antibody clumps pathogens together, making them easier to remove

What are the main antibody classes for neutralization

IgG and IgA

What are the main antibody classes for opsonization

IgG

What are therein antibody classes for agglutination

IgM

IgE + allergies

Type I

IgG or IgM attacking cells (antibodies attacking your cells)

Type II

immune complexes

Type IIII

T-cells + delayed reaction

Type 4

Type II: antigen is soluble or cell-bound?

bound to cells

Type III: antigen is soluble or cell bound

soluble antigen

Type I: antigen is soluble or cell bound

soluble antigen

Type IV: antigen is soluble or cell bound

Both

What are the main cells involved in humoral immunity

B lymphocytes

What are the main cells involved in cell-mediated imunity

T cells

what are the main cells involved in humoral immunity

B lymphocytes (B cells)

eosinophils

fights parasites