Radiology Exam 3

What vertebral congenital defect is common in brachycephalic breeds?

block vertebrae

What is spondylosis deformans?

osteophyte formation on vertebral end plates

T or F: spondylosis deformans is seen in almost all older dogs

True

What is an indicator of degenerative intervertebral disk disease?

spondylosis deformans

What is atlantoaxial instability?

-Instability of the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

-usually involved dens of C2 and absence of ligament support

-common in miniature and toy breeds

What is intervertebral disc disease?

changes in morphology and biomechanics that may result in protrusion of the nucleus pulpous or the extrusion of the nucleus through ruptured annulus

What is hansen type 1 IVDD?

acute extrusion of nucleus pulposus through the ruptured annulus fibrosus

What is hansen type 2 IVDD?

dorsal protrusion of the nucleus that gradually passes through into the annulus fibrosus without annular rupture

What kind of breeds are predisposed to hansen type 1 IVDD?

chondrodystrophic breeds

What are the traits of soft tissue caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy?

-older dobermans

-interarcuate ligament thickens

-disc protrusion

What are the traits of osseous caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy?

-young giant breed dogs

-horses

-vertebral canal stenosis

T or F: caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy is a combination or congenital and degenerative changes

True

What are the radiographic changes associated with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy?

-intervertebral space narrowing

-articular joint face proliferation

-malalignment and misshapen vertebral bodies

What is lumbosacral stenosis?

-stenotic canal at lumbosacral junction

-malalignment at lumbosacral junction

-herniated disc

T or F: you should stretch the patient during radiographs is there is suspected vertebral trauma

False

What is discospondylitis?

-lysis with surrounding sclerosis of the vertebral end plates

-can be infectious

What is spondylitis?

irregular osseous proliferation central on vertebral body

T or F: prostate, bladder, mammary gland, and anal sac cancer can metastasize to the vertebrae

True

What is the modality of choice for vertebral imaging?

MRI

What are the minimum views for the skull?

-lateral

-DV

What are the traits of craniomandibular osteopathy?

-irregular proliferation involving mandible and temporal bone

-young terrier breeds

-self-limiting

How does does otitis media show on radiographs?

-sclerosis

-osteolysis

-periosteal reaction

How do mandibular sarcomas appear on radiographs?

sharply demarcated expansive bone lesion with popcorn appearance

What parts of the urogenital tract can be seen on a normal radiograph?

-kidneys

-bladder

-urethra

-ureters on contrast radiographs

A dogs kidney should be between ____ and ___ the length of L2

-2.5

-3.5

A cats kidney should be between ____ and ____ times the length of L2

-2.4

-3

Are dog or cat kidneys more round?

cat

T or F: the right kidney should be more cranial than the left

True

What type of radiograph is needed to see the urethra?

-caudally collimated

-"butt shot"

T or F: the uterus is normally seen on radiographs

False

T or F: it is rare for cats to have prostatic neoplasia

True

T or F: it is common to see prostates in neutered dogs

False

If the uterus was enlarged, where would it be seen?

between colon and bladder

What does prostatic mineralization indicate?

neoplasia

T or F: contrast radiographs are commonly used for urogenital imaging

False

What does reduced kidney size indicate?

-CKD

-secondary parenchymal atrophy

-developmental hypoplasia or dysplasia

What do unilaterally increased kidneys with smooth margins indicate?

-compensatory hypertrophy

-subscapular hemorrhage

-hydronephrosis

-perirenal pseudocyst in cats

What do unilaterally increased kidneys with irregular margins indicate?

-neoplasia

-cyst

-abscess

-hematoma

-granuloma

What do bilaterally increased kidneys with smooth margins indicate?

-acute kidney injury

-acute inflammation

-congenital PSS

-amyloidosis

-acromegaly

-hydronephrosis

-subscapular hemorrage

-perirenal pseudocyst

-lymphoma

-FIP

What do bilaterally increased kidneys with irregular margins indicate?

-FIP

-PKD

-neoplasia

What urinary crystal appear radioopaque?

-struvite

-calcium oxylate

What urinary crystals appear radiolucent?

-cystine

-urate

What are examples of diffuse parenchymal disease and how do they appear?

-hyperechogenic

-chronic degenerative changes

-glomerulonephritis

-interstitial nephritis

-lymphoma

What are examples of focal parenchymal disease and how do they appear?

-anechoic

-infarct

-abscess

-cyst

-neoplasia carcinoma

-lymphoma

What is a common disease of the collecting system and how does it appear?

-nephrolathasis

-hyperechoic focus

What are some reasons the bladder would increase in size?

-voluntary retention

-neuromotor dysfunction

-obstruction

What does cranial displacement of bladder indicate?

-normal distension

-pelvic canal mass

What does caudal displacement of the bladder indicate?

-intrapelvic bladder

-perineal hernia

-abdominal mass

What does ventral displacement of the bladder indicate?

-distal colon distention

-uterine enlargement

-pre-pubic tendon rupture

Why would a bladder not be visible?

-recent urination

-rupture

-displaced hernia

How does bladder calculi appear?

-hyperechoic on US

-radiopaque on radiograph

How does cystitis appear?

-thickened cranioventral bladder wall

-irregular mucosa

-sediment

How does bladder neoplasia appear on US?

-trigone

-broad-based

-mixed echogenicity

-cauliflower appearance

What are the pain reasons a uterus would be enlarged?

-pyometra

-early pregnancy

How does pyometra appear on radiographs?

-tubular soft tissue opacity

-in caudoventral abdomen between descending colon and bladder

-typically bilateral

When are puppy counts on radiograph using skull and spine done?

40-45 days

What are radiographic signs of fetal death?

-gas in uterus

-loss of normal fetal shape

-no heart beat detection via US

What can appear on US for spayed dogs?

stump

When can US detect pregnancy in dogs?

25-35 days

How does an ectopic testicle show on US?

caudal abdominal mass