rebellions and disorder under the tudors - breadth study one

what is the hierarchy of tudor society?

god

monarch

nobility

gentry

yeoman and artisans

peasants

vagabonds

in theory how could the monarch rule?

completely alone and as he wishes as he was though to be chosen by god however, he needs support of nobility and the magna carta curbs the monarchs powers

how many men in the nobility?

40 to 60 men

what was the main role of the nobility and gentry?

to be the eyes and ears of the monarch

give an overview about who the gentry are and their role

about 5000 families that can rise and fall easily through ranks of society. they are the eyes and ears of the ruler and act as the local government. they are made up of knights and esquires.

who were the yeomen and artisans and what were their roles in society?

Yeoman are prosperous farmers. artisans are skilled craftsmen. these people are well educated, they can shape the outcomes of rebellions and they act as natural leaders

what group in tudor society is the largest and what are they affected by?

peasants are the most vulnerable group to changing socio-economic changes

Give a brief overview of the role of the government.

Government in 1485 could help or hinder the monarch

the royal court served the monarch directly

the council, financial and judicial systems were designed to keep law and order

the government was based in the capital - London. only the royal court and privy chamber were not always based there

what was the role of the royal court

they followed the monarch around

an informal source of power eg. by displays etc

used to seek patronage

used for displays and entertainment to show the monarchs power

what is patronage

the distribution of land or favours through direct access to the monarch or his cheif ministers

what was the role of the royal household?

they served the monarch and his family and they moved around the country with them. they were responsible for domestic needs

what was the role of the privy chamber?

served by the household and was where the monarch lived. it was structured to controll access to the monarch

what were the Eltham ordinances?

some reforms proposing a small council of 20 men to reduce expenses and restrict access to the monarch

what was the dry stamp?

an embossed stamp of monarchs signature that was stamped onto documents and filled with ink. the person who had access to this had lots of power

what is a faction?

an informal group of people at court who had similar ideas who try to influence the monarch

what are features of the privy chamber during Henry 7th's reign

he feared betrayal so it was used to restrict the access to him.

he created yeomen of the guard which were personal bodyguards.

he used the chamber to collect and store royal finances but the chamber of finance collapsed as future monarchs did not have time.

what are features of the privy chamber during Henry 8th's reign

it became an important political hub

the chamber had staff from 1518 called gentlemen of the privy chamber eg. the groom of the stool. it often included men from the nobility or gentry and were often advisors in formal areas of the government

the drystamp introduced and controlled here

what are features of the privy chamber during Edward 6th's reign?

the dry stamp was controlled by the chamber which was filled with supporters of the kings protectors eg. Seymour and dudly

what are features of the privy chamber during Mary 1st's reign?

privy chamber now made up of women and those who supported Catholicism. they had influce over Mary’s decisions

the dry stamp under lock and key and could not be used by administrators

what are features of the privy chamber during Elizabeth 1st's reign?

it declined in importance

she appointed wives of key councillors eg wife of earl of Leicester

reforms in 1559 meant members of household were now members of her council so politics and decisions were determined through the formal council not the informal chamber

give a brief overview of the privy council

it was the hub of the Tudor political system. it was an executive board that governed England. it was the main permanent institution of government.

what is the secretary?

originally was the personal secretary of the monarch. the position grew in importance under Cromwell.

what is the Lord Lieutenants?

a system to try and extend Tudor control of localities

what were the features of the royal/privy council in Henry 7th’s reign?

over 200 men were part of the council

he included men that served under the Yorkist government as he was a usurper so has no experience pf government so he needed help to secure his position.

the council gathered information about opinion and mood of the country and advised him on policies

he held great councils that made him seem like he was including all his nobility even though he had already made his decisions

give an example of how Henry 7th used the great council to benefit him

near the end of his invasion of France he consulted all his nobility and made them sign a document agreeing to retreat. this meant it was less likely for the nobility to criticize his decisions.

what were the features of the royal/privy council in Henry 8th’s reign?

the council was made up of experienced administrators eg. archbishop of canterbury, William Warham and the bishop of Winchester, Richard Fox

Thomas Wolsey replaces Fox and Warham as he could give the king what he wanted - war.

the council now had the responsibility of the daily running of the country

what were the features of the royal/privy council in Edward 6th’s reign?

the number of councilors grew as he was a child so could not run the country

its importance increased

somerset who was in the council undermined the rest of the council so he had to be replaced

what were the features of the royal/privy council in Mary 1st’s reign?

more men were appointed but only a small number of this group was active regularly.

meeting were run by experienced administrators eg. William Paget

what were the features of the royal/privy council in Elizabeth 1st’s reign?

the council was now more permanent and was a small group of trusted advisors

councilors did more administrative work

now they served England instead of acting as private servants of the monarch

what were the main duties of the secretary

organising the secret intelligence, understand the state of the country by getting got know people all over England and organise council meetings

why was the secretary close to the monarch

the secretary undertakes a wide range of important tasks so has to work closely with the monarch and the privy council to carry out these tasks

what is the secretary part of?

the royl household

even though the secretary was not the highest position in the Tudor government why was it still very powerful position

they were part of the household which gave them access to the monarch on a daily basis

could control who had access to the monarch

can control the royal seal and dry stamp

dealt with the monarch’s correspondence and paperwork so were aware of the monarch’s daily business and potentially sensitive information

controls council meetings

able to manipulate their position and have great influence over the monarch

what was the development of the role of the secretary during Henry 8th’s reign?

it bagan to hold more importance in the 1530s

the secretary had access to the royal stamp

Thomas Cromwell (1534 - 1540) made the role of the secretary grow in importance as he used his position to manipulate henry to make him the second most important powerful man in the country. he also controlled council meeting and had detailed knowledge of Henry’s day-to-day business

After the fall of Cromwell the secretary declined in importance. the position was split between two men (Thomas Wriothesley and Ralph Sadler) as there was more work but also to prevent anymore exploitation of the position

what was the development of the role of the secretary during Elizabeth 1st’s reign?

the role of the secretary became more important. Elizabeth appointed the secretary herself and those who became secretary used the position to enhance their own power and to carry out the day-to-day running of the country

the secretary had be tactful, run council meetings and keep onto of all the information

the role could be dangerous eg. in 1586 William Davidson was responsible for keeping the death warrant of Mary Queen of Scots but the council decided to use the death warrant to get Mary excecuted. Davidson was blamed and put in prison

give a summary of Thomas Cromwell’s role as secretary

he was an intelligent man who read well

he handled issues eg the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, the Marriage of Henry to Anne Boleyn and the dissolution of the monasteries. he also was involved in reforms to government administration and government bodies were modernised. he also saw the incorporation of Wales into the English system of government

However, cromwell urged Henry to create allies to protect himself from an invasion from France and Germany that never came to fruition. Henry therfore though that Cromwell was no longer capable fo carrying out his duties

when was Thomas Cromwell secrtary

1534-1540

give a summary of William Cecil’s role as secretary

he was a professional bureaucrat who had previous experience of serving in Edward 6th’s government

he remained in Royal employment until his death

the role of principal secretary evolved into secretary of state. Cecil now was a member of the council and was responsible for daily running of the government. he controlled all written communication which gave him enormous power

however, his rise to power made him enemies eg, old Nobel families like the norfolks as Cecil came from a ‘lesser’ family

he brough order and stability and believed in toleration where religion was concerned

give a summary of Francis Walsingham’s role as secretary

he handled all royal correspondence and determined the agenda of council meetings

he influenced all matters of policy and in every area of government

he opened new trade routes and encouraged the exploration of the new world

he had a spy system that discovered the Throckmorton Plot (1583) and the Babington plot (1586

when was Walsingham appointed?

1573

give a summary of Robert Cecil’s role as secretary

he was trained by his father in the craft of statesmanship

he was knighted by the Queen and became the youngest member of the privy council

Cecil initiated a secret correspondence with king james the 6th of Scotland which meant that after Elizabths’s death he kept his role with James 1st

what positions were there instead of the Lord Lieutenant before 16th centruy?

the local government was carried out by nobility, gentry and yeomen and artisans.

there were Justices of the Peace that focused on legal cases and collecting taxes

as there was no standing army or police, local communities lead by the gentry and nobility were responsible for upholding law and order and raising armies for the king. this gave them lots of power but some would abuse this power to go against the king eg. in the war of the roses

what were the first developments of the lord lieutenant during Henry 8ths reign

it started to develop to prevent abuse of power and some local officials were not paid and unsuitable for the role

because of foreign war and threats if rebellion in 1512 and 1545 Henry gave commissions to some nobility to organise defense. In 1536 he issued commissions to deal with the pilgrimage of grace and crush it.

the first lieutenants were temporary to deal with specific issues

what were the developments of the lord lieutenant during Edward 6th’s reign?

in 1549 the protector of Edward appointed some nobility as lieutenants to deal with rebellions. they were expected to have a policing roles and military role at a local level

what were the developments of the lord lieutenant during Mary 1’sts reign?

there was a further attempt to formailse the system in response to war with france.

1557-85 nobility and gentry struggled to recruit troops so Mary divided the country into 10 with a lieutenant for each one to be responsible for defense and military recruitment. this was also temporary.

what were the developments of the lord lieutenant during Elizabeth’s reign?

first LL were introduced as temporary roles in emergencies eg. northern rebellion but eventually it became a permenant role in response to the war with spain. LL and a deputy was appointed for each county

their role was organising the war effort eg. recruitment of the national militia and making sure all armies were arme, trained and disciplined

local officials were expected to obey LL. this was effective as it harnessed the most powerful men i the country to serve the crown

memebers of the council could by LL, solidifying the link between central government and localities. LL had to gather info about local conditions so recruitment for the army was smoother.

it gave the monarch more control over the country but in some ways it was not an innovation as the nobility were in their traditional military role

when was the war with spain

1585-1604

what was elizabeth’s relation with her governemt?

they remained cordial apart from puritans who wanted to change the religious settlement

why did Elizabeth need to call parliament regulary?

the relation between the monarch and parliament worsened due to the war with spain and she called it more regularly to raise taxation

what were parliaments main concerns with elizabeth

the queen and officials misused monopolies and increased taxation due to the war. there were increased complaints about the abuse of royal royal prerogative to grant monopolies eg. Waltar Raleigh had monopolies in tin and playing cards

what is the royal prerogative?

the special rights Tudor monarchs believed they had eg. to grant monopolies to the highest bidder

what is a petition?

a document addressed to the monarch complaining about an issue. up to the monarch to listen to it. less aggressive than a parliamentary bill

what is a parliamentary bill?

could be introduced in the house of lords or commons. it is discussed in both houses. if agreed by the houses and monarch then it would become an act of parliament

could be introduced by a single member called a private bill

what was the problem in 1597

the social and economic situation had deteriorated as the war with spain continued and the threat of invasion was more imminent. also tyrone’s rebellion broke out. parliamentary complaints increased over monopolies so MP’s wanted a bill but were persuaded to petition

how did Elizabeth diffuse the sitation in 1597

promising all monopoly licenses to be examined

what showed that Elizabeth’s parliament in 1597 had grown in cofidence

they were the first to directly criticise her policies

why did Elizabeth have to call parliament more often in 1601?

the commoners anger had become more extreme and parliament had to be called for more taxation but she had done nothing to keep her promises about dealing with monopolies

how many MPs had legal training in 1601 parliament and what was its effect?

253 had legal training and were aware of the problems of abusing monopolies

there was also a mob that burst into parliament to force change

what did Elizabeth do in response to the uproar about her not sorting out monopolies?

she gave her ‘golden speech’ where she admitted her mistakes but still upheld her perogative rights

how did elizabeth manage parliament?

by keeping MP’s happy

what are the acts of atainnder?

it allowed the king to declare someone guilty by act of parliament without trial. Henry VII used it against his Yorkist enemies

how did the relationship between parliament and crown change in Henry VII’s reign?

Henry only called parliament for taxation to fund foreign war and pass laws like the acts of attainder at the beginning of his reign to secure his place as ha was a usurper, so he rarely needed to call parliament. he only called parliament 72 times in his 24 year reign.

however, parliament never had the power to grant him his claim to the throne

how did the relationship between parliament and crown change in Henry VIII’s reign?

between 1509 and 1529 henry only called parliament 4 times to grant taxation for foreign war.

by 1517 relations between parliament and crown worsened and they were less keen to grant taxation as MPs feared rebellion eg. Wolsey wanted more taxation but he was met with silence

sovereignty of the stature law was established. parliament had sole authority to pass laws. parliament was used for the break with Rome to make henry seem less guilty, this gave parliament more power

henry used parliament to annul Catherine of Aragon

what is the reformation parliament

it sat from 1529-36. it was summoned to settle henry’s divorce from Aragon that the papacy in Rome blocked

what changes occured in the reformation parliament?

Parliament made laws affecting all aspects of national life, especially in religious practice and doctrine, which had previously been under the authority of the Church. With the statutes of the 1530s Parliament had authority over all areas of the realm

It passed laws which transferred religious authority from the Pope to the English Crown, gave the Crown control over the wealth and buildings of the old Church, settled official religious doctrine and altered the succession by declaring various of the King's children illegitimate

The Reformation Parliament thus asserted the supreme authority, or sovereignty, of Parliament in making statute Henry realised that royal power was at its strongest when it was expressed through parliamentary statute.

how did the relationship between parliament and crown change in Mary 1st’s reign?

she reinforced the sovereignty of stature of law and she used it to undo the break with rome

how did the relationship between parliament and crown change in Elizabeth 1st’s reign?

the war with spain meant she had to call parliament more frequently so it grew in confidence

she reversed what mary did in her religious settlement

parliament protested against her use of monopolies so the queen had to give her ‘golden speech’

she reinstated the church of england but offered a middle ground to avoid conflict. some puritan MPs disagreed but Liz forbade parliament to discuss religion

what were general features of Tudor parliament?

parliament was a medieval but it gained power in Tudor england. it could grant taxation and pass lows. however, the monarch could refuse to pass some laws and they could summon and dismiss parliament. most monarchs would call parliament as it was a way for them to test the mood of the country and to present policies to the MPs.

parliament had two chambers, the unelected house of lords, and the elected house of commons

To vote in a county, it was necessary to own property which generated income worth 40 shillings per year

It was also common for members of the nobility to exercise patronage to ensure their clients were elected. The powerful dukes of Norfolk could usually influence the return of MPs in up to eight boroughs. Parliament tended to represent the interests of the landed gentry and nobility.

to pass an act of parliament, a bill had to be heard in both the commons and lords before being given royal approval. as the century progressed, the Commons became more confident and tensions arose over taxation and finance, religion and the royal succession. These developments were largely due to the changes in the balance of power between state, Church and parliament

By the end of the period, parliament had gained the right to grant laws on religious change and on the royal succession. this encouraged MPs to share opinions

define reformation

when the church went from catholic to protestant

define anticlericalism

opposition to the church

define sacraments

7 important religious ceremonies that Catholics receive

define humanists

people who wanted to improve the quality of the teaching in the church

define purgatory

catholics believed you went here when you died to be purged

define indulgences

donation to the church to reduce time in purgatory

define transubstantiation

the belief that during mass the bread turns into the body and blood of Jesus

define celibacy

abstaining from sexual relationships

define heratic

people who spoke out against the church that could be punished by burningdefine

define annulment

a legal procedure for declaring a marriage void

how did the church influence daily life?

all children baptised and confirmed

the church controlled education so could censure ideas and prosecute heretics. it could also give opportunities to boys to teach them how to read and and write and give them opportunities to go to uni - oxford or cambridge

celebrations eg easter, saints days and christmas etc. also most legal docs dated to nearest religious celebration

attending church and mass was crucial

church performed marriages, funerals, alms, caring for the sick and poor

church taught heaven and hell were real and by confessing, praying, going on pilgrimages and indulgences could help their souls

define alms

caring for the poor

what were the strengths of the church before 1529?

biggest landowner in england

traditions and celebrations associated still part of every day life

church retained popularity as ordinary people still made contributions to the church and the church offered education etc

building and rebuilding churches was widespread

it was an essential part of every day life

what were the weaknesses of the church before 1529?

humanists criticised the fact that the church was wealthy and powerful as in the bible it encouraged humble priests and a poor church

crisicised the church for its corruption and exploiting people’s fear of hell eg selling indulgences

church was out of touch as in latin and clergymen held multiple posts so knew little about the people they were speaking to

what were relations between state and church in henry VII’s reign?

as a usurper henry needed support from the church to legitimise his place on the throne which was confirmed by the pope in 1486.

he was careful to uphold traditional privileges of the church except when it threatened him eg. he was prepared to override sanctuary laws to arrest plotters

what were relations between state and church in henry VIII’s reign?

in the first 20 years of his reign it was mostly harmonious

but in 1512 an act to limit the benefit of clergy was passed and in 1515 parliament critisised the church following the death of a heretic but it was rumored it was murder

he published a book called the defence of the seven sacraments to show support for the catholic church when being criticised by martin Luther

he used the church to secure wolsey a variety of senior positions in the church but when wolseys loyalties became divided during talking about the annulment of Aragon, because he owed his allegiant=e to the pope he fell from power

when did henry VII challenge the legality of his marriage with catheirne of aragon

1527

why did henry challenge his marriage with catherine of aragon?

because he was desperate for a male heir and now Catherine was past child baring age and had only produced one daughter

henry had also fallen for anne bolyn

why did the pope refuse henry’s annulment?

because he was under the control of catherine’s nephew who was the holy roman emperor and ruler of spain and her refused and so therefore so did the pope

when did wolsey fall from power and cromwell rise due to the issue of annulment

1529

what happened in 1532 relating to cromwell

he became chief minister and took charge of the king’s attempts of an annulment

how did parliament put pressure on the papacy for an annulment in 1529?

the act of conditional restraint of annates that put a stop to payments to rome to reduce it’s financial powers

how did parliament put pressure on the papacy for an annulment in 1532?

cromwell took advantage of anticlerical feelings to pass the submission of the clergy act that made english clergy accept henry’s power over them

why was henry despoerate to marry anne in 1533?

she was pregnant and needed the child to be legitimate

what was the act of the restraint of appeals and why was it important?

it stoped legal appeals in church court cases being sent to rome and cromwell argued that the rulers of england had no superior apart form god and the papacy usurped these powers.

this paved the way for henry to be supreme head of the church

what were the main events that effected the relations between the church and the state during Henry 8ths reign after 1534?

1534 act of supremacy

1534 act of succession

1535 suppression of religious houses

1536 act of 10 articles

1539 act of 6 articles

after Cromwells execution of 1540 Henry moved back towards a more Catholic doctrine and published the kings book in 1543

what was the act of supremicy?

confirmed he ry 8th as head of the church

had a legal basis to punish anyone who disobeyed him

ensured the first allegiance of the clergy was to the king

benefit of the clergy and sanctuary were abolished

what was the act of succession

1534

declared marriage of Henry and catherine was never valid

what was the suppression of religious houses?

1535

dissolved smaller monasteries that made less than 200 pounds

in 1540 the last monasteries were dissolved and their land and money was given to the crown

what was the act of 10 articles

1536

mostly in line with Catholic beliefs but the article about the eucharistic was purposefully unclear

sacraments reduced from 7 to 3

what was the act of 6 articles?

1539

reinforced Catholic beliefs like transubstantiation and celibacy for priests

what were the main events that effected the relations between the church and the state during Edward 6ths reign after 1534?

influenced by protestant ideas

1549 act of uniformity introduced English common prayer book

rebellions didn’t deter him

1552 a more protestant version of the prayer book also the Catholic stone alter replaced with a wooden table and clergy had to wear plai. vestments also no transubstantiation